• 제목/요약/키워드: Team Cognition

검색결과 40건 처리시간 0.021초

Effects of a Single Session of Brain Yoga on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Short-Term Memory in Men Aged 20-29 Years

  • Yang, Hyun-Seong;Kim, Hyun-Jun;Lee, Hwa-Gyeong
    • 대한통합의학회지
    • /
    • 제9권4호
    • /
    • pp.91-103
    • /
    • 2021
  • Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cognitive enhancement brain yoga program on short-term memory and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels according to the cognitive state in men aged 20-29 years. Methods : Thirty healthy volunteers aged 20-29 years were divided into four groups: brain yoga group, yoga group, combined exercise group, and control group. Seven people were assigned randomly per group. A single-session intervention was conducted over 50 min and consisted of three parts: warm-up, main exercise (brain yoga, yoga, combined exercise, or non-exercise), and cool-down. Serum BDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and short-term memory was evaluated using the forward number span test before and after the intervention. Results : BDNF levels significantly increased within the brain yoga group after the intervention (from 28874.37±5185.57 to 34074.80±7321.12, p=.003), whereas there were no significant differences pre-and post-intervention in the other groups. The inter-group comparison showed a significant interaction between the brain yoga group and the combined exercise group (p=.036) but no significant interaction between any of the other groups. Forward number span scores were significantly increased in the brain yoga group (from 9.43±9.83 to 23±7.92, p=.012) and theyoga group after the intervention (from 13.43±9.41 to 24.14±8.45, p=.011), whereas there were no significant changes after the intervention in any other groups. Conclusion : Our findings showed that a single-session, 50-minute brain yoga exercise improved short-term memory and increased serum BDNF levels in healthy men aged 20-29 years and that yoga improved only short-term memory in healthy men of this age group.

The Effects of E-Brochure Functions and Attitudes to E-Brochures on Self-Efficacy and Salespeople Job Satisfaction in Pharmaceutical Companies

  • 최건동;이화정;함상우
    • 인터넷정보학회논문지
    • /
    • 제20권5호
    • /
    • pp.67-77
    • /
    • 2019
  • Today, companies are making efforts to improve the performance of workers by utilizing various IT-based mobile and internet devices. In pharmaceutical companies, salespeople are using the e-brochure to search for diverse expertise in real time. Through the e-brochure, pharmacists and doctors can be provided with the information they need, thereby increasing confidence in pharmaceuticals and salespeople. Salespeople can also use e-brochures to improve their work performance and to be more satisfied with their jobs. This study examines which functions of e-brochures satisfy salespeople and what attitudes to the e-brochures they need to have. This paper explains the effect of satisfaction and attitude to the e-brochures on job satisfaction through self-efficacy with statistical analysis. As a statistical result, the functions of e-brochures (professional knowledge, massive amount of data, easy searching, information updates, and the reflection of feedback) and attitudes to the e-brochures (importance, intention to use, belief in improvement, efficacy to use, and negative cognition) influence on self-efficacy of salespeople. Further, self-efficacy has mediating effects on the relationship between the functions of e-brochures / attitudes to e-brochures and job satisfaction. Exceptionally, the mediating effect of self-efficacy was not significant in relation to information updates / reflection of feedback and job satisfaction. These results will explain what functions should be focused for the future development of e-brochures. It will also suggest what attitudes the salespeople should have about e-brochures. Through these efforts, salespeople will be able to utilize new technology of e-brochures to satisfy their jobs and improve their performance.

Oral administration of hydrolyzed red ginseng extract improves learning and memory capability of scopolamine-treated C57BL/6J mice via upregulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant mechanism

  • Ju, Sunghee;Seo, Ji Yeon;Lee, Seung Kwon;Oh, Jisun;Kim, Jong-Sang
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
    • /
    • 제45권1호
    • /
    • pp.108-118
    • /
    • 2021
  • Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) contains a variety of ginsenosides that can be metabolized to a biologically active substance, compound K. Previous research showed that compound K could be enriched in the red ginseng extract (RGE) after hydrolysis by pectinase. The current study investigated whether the enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng extract (HRGE) containing a notable level of compound K has cognitive improving and neuroprotective effects. Methods: A scopolamine-induced hypomnesic mouse model was subjected to behavioral tasks, such as the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and the Morris water maze tests. After sacrificing the mice, the brains were collected, histologically examined (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and the expressions of antioxidant proteins analyzed by western blot. Results: Behavioral assessment indicated that the oral administration of HRGE at a dosage of 300 mg/kg body weight reversed scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits. Histological examination demonstrated that the hippocampal damage observed in scopolamine-treated mouse brains was reduced by HRGE administration. In addition, HRGE administration increased the expression of nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase-1 in hippocampal tissue homogenates. An in vitro assay using HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells demonstrated that HRGE treatment attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HRGE administration can effectively alleviate hippocampus-mediated cognitive impairment, possibly through cytoprotective mechanisms, preventing oxidative-stress-induced neuronal cell death via the upregulation of phase 2 antioxidant molecules.

기업가적 활동 형성에 미치는 영향요인: 인지론적 접근 (Examining the Formation of Entrepreneurial Activities through Cognitive Approach)

  • 이채원
    • 벤처창업연구
    • /
    • 제12권3호
    • /
    • pp.65-74
    • /
    • 2017
  • 기업가정신 연구에서 "왜 어떤 사람들은 기업가가 되고, 어떤 사람은 기업가성향을 갖지 않는가?"라는 질문은 매우 중요한 연구주제이다. 그동안 많은 연구들은 기업가의 특성을 바탕으로 기업가적 의도와 행동을 설명하고자 하였으나 일관성 있는 연구결과를 얻어내지 못하였으며, 많은 비판을 받아 왔다. 이러한 비판은 인지론적 접근(Cognition Theory)을 통한 연구를 발전시키게 되었다. 즉, 어떤 사람이 기업가적 행동을 하는지는 어떤 특정한 자질의 문제가 아니라 기업가가 어떻게 인지를 하느냐에 달려 있다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 2016년 GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) Korea 조사를 바탕으로 기업가적 행동(초기 기업가적 행동 - 창업을 하고자 준비하는 예비창업자, 창업을 하여 42개월 미만의 초기 기업가를 대상으로 함)에 영향을 미치는 인지적 요소를 파악하고자 하였다. GEM조사는 크게 성인조사와 전문가조사로 구분되며, 본 연구의 표본으로 사용한 성인조사는 우리나라 성인 2,000여명을 대상으로 하여 기업가정신에 대한 태도, 인지, 동기, 성장열망 등을 조사한 자료를 사용하였다. 기존의 인지론적 접근방법을 사용한 많은 연구들은 주로 연구 대상을 대학생, 대학원생들의 기업가적 의도 및 창업 의도로 설명하고자 하였으며, 실제 기업가적 행동을 중심으로 한 연구는 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 또한 기업가적 과정에서 기업가의 인지는 단지 기업가 개인적 수준에서의 인지 즉, 자기 효능감(Self-Efficacy), 가치관, 태도적 특성뿐만이 아니다. 개인 수준에서의 인지요소들과 더불어 사회 문화적 환경으로부터 영향 받아 형성되는 지각(Perception)과 주변 사람들의 영향을 통해서 형성되는 지각 또한 기업가적 행동에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 GEM 연구의 검증된 조사방법을 통해 선정된 우리나라를 대표하는 일반 성인 샘플을 대상으로 하여 로짓 회귀분석을 통해 기업가적 활동을 파악하고자 하였으며, 그동안 연구의 중요성에 비해 많이 다루어지지 않은 롤 모델에 대한 인식, 비즈니스 환경에서의 기회에 대한 인식, 사회적으로 얼마나 기업가에 대해 논의가 이루어지는지와 같은 사회적 정당성에 대한 인식이 기업가적 활동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 사람들은 일반적으로 자기효능감이 높은 경우에 기업가적 활동 참여에 더욱 적극성을 보이며, 주변에 기업가로서의 롤 모델이 있는 경우 더 적극적인 기업가적 활동을 한다는 것이다. 다만 사회적으로 기업가가 좋은 경력의 대안으로 인지된다고 하더라도 개인들의 기업가적 활동에 영향을 미치지는 못하며, 또한 사회적으로 기업가가 존경받는 위치에 있다는 것도 기업가적 활동을 촉진시키는데 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 미디어에서 성공 받는 기업인이 많이 노출 되는 것은 기업가적 활동을 촉진시키는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 기업가적 의도가 기업가적 활동으로 연결되기 위해서 사회적으로 어떤 조력이 필요한지 정책적 시사점을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 기업가정신의 인지론적 접근방법에 대한 이론적 발전에도 기여할 것으로 본다.

  • PDF

서울시 보건소 물리치료사들의 지역사회중심재활에 대한 인식 (A Recognition for community Based Rehabilitation by Public Health Center Physical Therapists in Seoul Province)

  • 김찬문;홍완성;배성일
    • 대한물리치료과학회지
    • /
    • 제5권1호
    • /
    • pp.549-556
    • /
    • 1998
  • To survey the recognition of Community Based Rehabilitation(CBR) by Public Health Center(PHC) Physical Therapists in Seoul Province. This study analysed general characteristic of Physical Therapists and cognition, participation, education, problems and requirements for CBR. The subjects of this study were 31 therapists who work at PHC in Seoul Province and Seoul City Childerns Municipal Hospital. Data was collected for 18 days from April 13 to 31, 1998 and results computed from 25 responses. First, Female therapists outnumber males. The age category 30 to 35 old represented 44.0% of the total number studied. 48.0% of therapists had worked more than 7 years and therapists usually 84.0% worked from 3 to 4 years at the PHC. Junior colleage graduates were 72.0%, and respondents with family responsibility were 52.0%. Second, Recently pain control and therapeutic exercises has become the major requirement of patients at PHC(56.0%). If the offered expanded services, a rehabilitation programe at PHC(36.0%) was highly. When asked about a working guide book, nobody had one. Third, 64.0% of therapists were aware of the present level of CBR, 28.0% of them had gotten an information from newspaper and mass media. Fourth, For CBR, 72.0% had positive ideas in which they could participate. 56.0% wished to compose a team of various rehabilitation specialists. 52.0% wished for the meeting day to be flexible and 64.0% desired to meet once or twice a week. Fifth, Almost all(92.0%) desired more educational opportunity about CBR. Example, once or twice a year(48.0%) and training period of 4 to 7 day(44.0%). They wanted to learn theory and parctice together(88.0%) and 48.0% wanted national mutirehabilitation center as a educational managing organization. Sixth, The most important requirement for accomplishing CBR by Physical Therapists was job security and adequate number of therapists(48.0%). Required number of physical therapists in the PHC was 3(52.0%). The cooperative agency should be the distict govement(32.0%) and community welfare center of the disabled persons(32.0%). Factors inhibiting the execution of CBR were lack of physical therapists(56.0%), and equipments for pain control and for therapeutic exercises(68.0%).

  • PDF

전라도 농촌장수지역 거주 70대 노인의 건강상태에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인에 대한 탐색 연구 (Investigation on Influencing Environmental Factors on Health Status of Korean Septuagenarians Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province)

  • 곽충실;연미영;이미숙;오세인;박상철
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
    • /
    • 제19권2호
    • /
    • pp.142-162
    • /
    • 2014
  • Objectives: To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea. Methods: We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups. Results: Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (${\geq}18.5kg/m^2$), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin $B_1$, $B_6$, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake. Conclusions: These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

딥러닝을 위한 영역기반 합성곱 신경망에 의한 항공영상에서 건물탐지 평가 (Evaluation of Building Detection from Aerial Images Using Region-based Convolutional Neural Network for Deep Learning)

  • 이대건;조은지;이동천
    • 한국측량학회지
    • /
    • 제36권6호
    • /
    • pp.469-481
    • /
    • 2018
  • 딥러닝은 인간의 학습 및 인지능력을 닮은 인공지능을 실현하기 위해 여러 분야에서 활용하고 있으며, 높은 사양의 컴퓨팅 파워가 요구되고 연산 시간이 많이 소요되는 복잡한 구조의 인공신경망에 의한 딥러닝은 컴퓨터 사양이 향상됨에 따라 성능이 개선된 다양한 딥러닝 모델이 개발되고 있다. 본 논문의 주요 목적은 영상의 딥러닝을 위한 합성곱 신경망 중에서 최근에 FAIR (Facebook AI Research)에서 개발한 Mask R-CNN을 이용하여 항공영상에서 건물을 탐지하고 성능을 평가하는 것이다. Mask R-CNN은 영역기반의 합성곱 신경망으로서 픽셀 정확도까지 객체를 의미적으로 분할하기 위한 딥러닝 모델로서 성능이 가장 우수한 것으로 평가받고 있다. 딥러닝 모델의 성능은 신경망 구조뿐 아니라 학습 능력에 의해 결정된다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 모델의 학습에 이용한 영상에 다양한 변화를 주어 학습 능력을 분석하였으며, 딥러닝의 궁극적 목표인 범용화의 가능성을 평가하였다. 향후 연구방안으로는 영상에만 의존하지 않고 다양한 공간정보 데이터를 복합적으로 딥러닝 모델의 학습에 이용하여 딥러닝의 신뢰성과 범용화가 향상될 것으로 판단된다.

중고령층 문해학습자의 흥미 유발 및 학습 효과를 높이는 문해교육 방법 (A Study on the Method of Literacy Education that Increase Interest and Learning Effect of Elderly Learners - A Case Study of Literacy Education in Chungcheongbuk-do -)

  • 김영옥
    • 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
    • /
    • 제13권8호
    • /
    • pp.479-493
    • /
    • 2019
  • 본 연구는 중고령층 문해학습자의 흥미 유발 및 학습 효과를 높이는 문해교육 방법을 제시하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 충북 중고령층 문해교사, 기관 운영자, 평생교육사, 문해학습자 총11명을 면담 및 참여관찰 하였다. 연구결과 중고령층 학습자들은 배운 것을 쉽게 잊어버리고 받아쓰기를 통해 글씨를 정확하게 익히며, 높은 경쟁 심리 등 공부가 일상생활에서 1순위가 되고 있다. 글씨 형성 의미를 알게 하는 놀이활동, 실생활과 연결된 학습, 받아쓰기가 기억력 및 인지력 향상에 효과적이다. 또한 일상생활에서 익숙한 재료를 활용한 만들기, 교과서에 나오는 극과 시로 역할극, 글씨 큰 그림 동화책 활용, 팀 단위 게임 및 활동, 배우기 쉬운 악기 및 노래 부르기, 공연 및 발표회 등 무대 경험, 실생활 및 교육문화 시설 현장 체험 등이 중고령층의 흥미와 학습 효과를 높일 수 있다. 결과 공유 발표회 및 연합 행사, 자료 및 재료비, 문해교사 역량강화 교육 및 공유, 문해교육 연중 운영, 학력인정과정과 병행 및 보조강사 지원이 중요하다. 시사점으로는 문해교사 교육, 보조강사 활용, 학력인정 문해교육과정 활성화 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

가정간호사업 운용을 위한 정보전달체계 개발 I (가정간호 데이터베이스 구축과 뇌졸중 환자의 가정간호 전산개발) (Development of the Information Delivery System for the Home Nursing Service)

  • 박정호;김매자;홍경자;한경자;박성애;윤순녕;이인숙;조현;방경숙
    • 가정간호학회지
    • /
    • 제4권
    • /
    • pp.5-22
    • /
    • 1997
  • The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

  • PDF

가정간호 서비스 질 평가를 위한 도구개발연구 (A basic research for evaluation of a Home Care Nursing Delivery System)

  • 김모임;조원정;김의숙;김성규;장순복;유호신
    • 가정간호학회지
    • /
    • 제6권
    • /
    • pp.33-45
    • /
    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

  • PDF