• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.237-252
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• 2020

This paper characterizes the optimal reciprocal trade policy in the environment of Melitz (2003) with firm productivity heterogeneity. In particular, without making parametric assumptions on firm productivity distribution, this paper derives the optimal degree of reciprocal tariff reductions that maximize the world welfare. A reciprocal import subsidy raises the industry productivity, lowering aggregate price; a reciprocal import tariff helps correct the markup distortion, increasing nominal income. With all the conflicting effects of import tariffs on welfare considered, the optimal degree of reciprocity in multilateral tariff reduction is shown to be free trade.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-53
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• 2019

I employ search-and-matching to a multi-country and multi-sector Ricardian model with input-output linkages, trade in intermediate goods, and sectoral heterogeneity, in order to quantify the welfare effects from tariff changes. The paper shows that labor market frictions can be a source of comparative advantage in the sense that better labor market conditions contribute to lower cost in production. Labor market frictions play a critical role in determining the probability of exporting goods to trading partners, and interact with bilateral trade share, price, expenditures, etc. Unemployment and changes in unemployment rates due to tariff reductions contribute welfare changes across countries, implying that welfare effects based on quantitative trade models with full-employment are likely to be biased. I confirm the biased welfare effects by revisiting Caliendo and Parro (2015), who conduct an analysis of the welfare effects from the NAFTA from 1993 to 2005. I show that the welfare gap between theirs and mine has a positive correlation with changes in observed unemployment rates across countries. With the constructed model, I further conduct counterfactual exercises by asking what would happen if China's tariffs remain unchanged from 2006 to 2015. It turns out that there are mild welfare effects to trading partners in the world trading system.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.289-303
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• 2004

As needs for telecommunications services diversify, an increasingly wide range of telecommunications services is becoming available in the market. Any subscriber can find a service to satisfy his/her telecommunication requirements and competition between providers to retain heavy users is increasing. Service price reductions are one retention strategy, although price reductions for one service can affect the individual-level usage for other services. Price reductions can also be imposed on a service provider by regulation. For these reasons, understanding how price reductions affect service usage is of growing importance to the telecommunications industry for purposes of pricing and tariff development. In this paper, we develop an individual-level usage model for telecommunications services and analyze the effects on usage of a price reduction. We apply the model to age-stratified aggregate traffic data for a Korean mobile telecommunication service provider. Finally, we develop a model to support a market segmentation and price reduction strategy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2020

The study assesses the impact of trade liberalization factors on changes in customs revenues in Vietnam. Research data was conducted between 2002 and 2017 on the official website of the Government's Web Portal and The World Bank. This paper uses the vector error correction model to estimate the short-term and long term relationship between data series. The results have proven that tariff reductions have a positive effect on short-term and long-term customs revenues in Vietnam. However, the implementation of other international commitments on trade liberalization has positive short-term and long-term negative impacts on customs revenues in Vietnam. The study's results also show that exchange rate has no effect on changes in customs revenues in the short term but it has a strong impact on increasing customs revenues in the long run. Based on these findings, the article also suggests a number of policies to ensure customs revenues in Vietnam in future. In order to ensure customs revenues, the government of Vietnam should: (1) having some policy to improve the efficiency of customs management in Vietnam; (2) Building appropriate VND exchange rate policy; (3) Establishing reasonable non - tariff barriers to prevent fraud and ovations cause losses in customs revenues.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

Purpose - The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum has evolved and is actively facilitating free and open trade. It is debated whether APEC has effectively reduced trade barriers in a preferential manner to encourage liberalized trade and whether increased trade between member countries has reduced trade with nonmember countries. Research designs, data, methodology -This paper empirically tests whether APEC creates or diverts trade, using an extended gravity model with tariff rates, exchange rates, and dummy variables to analyze how APEC affects intra-trade between members.The model utilizes the annual panel data between 1990 and 2007 of 16 selected APEC members and nonmembers. Results - Results reveal the changing role of APEC only between 2002 and 2007 has it created trade, fostering increased trade among trading partners and between members and nonmembers. Conclusion - APEC can be expected to demonstrate a stronger trade creating effect once its advanced and developing members complete tariff reductions by 2010 and 2020, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권3호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2001

본 연구는 UR농산물협상에서 우리 나라가 약속한 시장개방(市場開放)에 대한 이행실적(履行實績)을 평가하고 UR에 의한 시장개방이 국내 주요 단기소득임산물 시장에 미친 영향(影響)을 분석하였다. WTO농업협정의 이행실적 등은 관련자료 및 통계치를 이용하여 분석하였고, UR이후 수입개방이 밤, 대추, 잣, 호도, 표고시장에 미친 영향은 선행연구의 수요(需要) 및 공급탄성치(供給彈性値)와 UR이후의 수입량, 생산량 소비량 등의 자료를 이용하여 추정(推定)하였다. 1995년부터 1999년까지 5년동안 관세할당제도(關稅割當制度)에 의한 밤, 잣, 대추의 수입물량은 우리나라가 약속한 최소시장접근(最小市場接近) 물량(物量)을 초과하지 않았다. 현재 단기소득임산물의 실행관세율(實行關稅率)도 양허관세율(讓許關稅率)에 비해 상당히 낮으며 이러한 관계는 2004년까지 유지될 것이다. UR이후 단기소득임산물의 수입증가로 잠재적(潛在的) 국내가격(國內價格)이 하락되었고 이에 따라 소비지출액(消費支出額)이 감소되고 소비자잉여(消費者剩餘)가 증가된 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 단기소득임산물의 수업증가로 인해 생산량이 큰 폭 감소된 것으로 추정되었으며 생산에 미친 부정적(否定的)연 효과(效果)가 소비에 미친 긍정적(肯定的)인 효과(效果)를 상회(上廻)한 것으로 추정되었다. 단기소득임산물은 UR의 결과 낮은 관세율로 수출시장에 접근할 수 있었음에도 불구하고 대부분의 수출(輸出)이 감소(減少)되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.771-780
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• 2021

The study assesses the impact of tariffs on Vietnam's trade in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Research data was conducted between 2001 and 2018 on the official website of the Uncomtrade and the World Bank. This paper uses the gravity model to estimate the relationship between data series and considers the impact of factors on Vietnam's trade with CPTPP countries. The results have proven that tariff reductions have a positive effect on Vietnam's trade. Besides, the trade openness of Vietnam and CPTPP countries has positive impacts on Vietnam's trade. The study also shows that Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) between Vietnam's and CPTPP countries' currencies has no strong effect on Vietnam's trade. Based on these findings, the article also suggests a number of policies to promote Vietnam's trade in future. In order to support businesses to better utilize opportunities and promote exports to CPTPP countries, the government of Vietnam should: (1) focus on reducing costs and time to participate in the market for production and business investors; (2) improve business investment environment to mobilize resources for production; and (3) continue to organize information campaigns to raise businesses' awareness of how to take advantage of CPTPP preferences.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.215-238
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• 2018

FTA관세협정이 확대되면서 일반 수입품은 무관세혜택을 받고 있지만, 국내 여행자의 휴대품은 원산지증명이 어렵고, FTA특혜관세 적용요건(거래당사자 요건, 원산지상품 요건, 직접운송 요건)을 충족하기 힘들기 때문에 FTA관세혜택을 보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 국내 여행자의 휴대품에 대해서 FTA관세혜택을 받을 수 있도록 휴대품에 적용되는 간이세율의 적정 인하수준을 추정해보았다. 이를 위해서 간이세율의 인하수준을 세 가지 서로 다른 방안으로 구분하여 그 가운데 여행자 후생과 세수 측면에서 효과가 가장 큰 적정 인하수준을 추정해보았다. 간이세율의 인하 방안은 첫째(1안), 관세율을 기본관세율과 실효관세율의 차이(7%)를 품목별로 인하할 경우, 둘째(2안), 관세율을 모든 품목에 실효관세율(2%)로 적용할 경우, 셋째(3안), 모든 품목에 대해 관세면제(0%)를 적용할 경우 간이세율의 수준이다. 간이세율의 적정 인하수준을 측정하기 위해서 간이 세율의 인하로 나타나는 효과를 기준으로 가중평균 점수를 매겨서 순위를 매겼다. 가중치는 현재 관세청과 세관에서 통관 실무를 맡고 있는 실무자들을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사에서 중요도에 따라 다르게 정하였다. 가중치를 고려한 간이세율의 적정 인하수준은 실효관세율 수준인 2%로 인하하는 2안이 가장 효과가 컸으며, 그로 인해 우리나라 세수감소와 여행자 조세감소효과는 168억 원, 징세비용은 3.4억 원으로서 부정적 효과는 크지 않았다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4902-4909
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 TOU 요금제 기반에서 제어구간 설정방법을 사용한 건물 냉방시스템 실내온도 제어 알고리즘을 제안한다. 건물 실내온도를 최적제어하기 위한 제어구간 설정은 스위칭방법과 선형계획법을 사용하고 냉방시스템 사용요금은 TOU와 피크 요금을 포함하여 산정한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 제어구간 설정방법을 적용하면 전력 사용에 따른 비용의 절감과 피크 전력 절감을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2536-2543
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 단일존 빌딩의 모델링과 PSO 알고리즘을 이용한 냉방시스템 제어구간 건물 실내온도 제어 알고리즘을 제안한다. 최적제어를 하기 위한 제어구간 설정은 스위칭방법과 PSO 알고리즘을 사용하고 냉방시스템 사용요금은 TOU와 피크요금을 포함 하여 산정한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 제어구간 설정방법을 적용하면 전력 사용에 따른 비용의 절감과 피크전력 절감을 확인할 수 있다.