• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2004

Early development and metamorphosis of the ascidian (Halocynthia hilgendorfi ritteri) were investigated from fertilized egg. The samples were collected in the coastal waters of Yongdam, northwest of Jeju Island in November 2002. H. hilgendorfi ritteri was solitary ascidian and produced spheral eggs with egg size ranging from $0.33\pm0.01\;mm.$ On the outer surface of the vitelline coat are attached many follicle cells. At $21.0\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ of water temperature, first cleavage took place in about 1.5 hrs after fertilization, and gastrulation followed in about 12.5 hrs. The formation of tailbud embryos and free swimming larvae were observed 13.3 hrs and 20.5 hrs after fertilization, respectively. The size of newly hatched tadpole larva was 1.30-1.45 mm, the larva swam for 2 hrs to 14 hrs. At 4 hrs after hatching, the palpi were lost and tail absorption began with an abrupt rupture of the anterior end of the notochord. At 17-18 hrs after hatching, tail completely absorption and remained trunk. The coniform adhesive papilla began protrusion at 30 hrs after hatching. The oral and atrial siphon formed at 6-7 days after settlement. At 17-18 days after settlement, metamorphosed the larvae developed into protoascidian of which the external morphology was similar to their adult.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

Ascidians are lower chordates, and their tadpole-like larvae share a basic body plan with vertebrates. To study photoreceptive systems in ascidians, we have isolated and characterized cDNA clones for three opsins, five G protein ${\alpha}$ subunits (G${\alpha}$), catalytic and regulatory subunits of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), and arrestin from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis tadpole larva. Ci-opsin1 and Ci-opsin2 are vertebrate-type opsins, while Ci-opsin3 is a retinal photoisomerase similar to retinochrome and mammalian RGR. Both Ci-opsin1 and arrestin are specifically localized in the photoreceptor cells of the ocellus, whereas Ci -opsin2 is not expressed in the photoreceptors, but is co-localized in another population of neurons in the brain with PDE (Ci-PDE9 and Ci-PDE$\delta$). Ci-opsin3 is present in the entire region of the brain. Though five different cDNAs encoding Ga have been cloned, no transducin-type G protein has been found yet. Interestingly, one of G${\alpha}$i isoform is conspicuously expressed in the entire region of the brain. The Ci-opsin3 gene expression was observed in a broad area of the brain vesicle as well as in the visceral ganglion. Genes encoding ascidian homologs of CRALBP and ${\beta}$-CD, whose function is required for the mammalian visual cycle, are co-expressed with Ci-opsin3 in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion. Localization of Ci-opsin3, CRALBP, and ${\beta}$-CD in a broad area of the brain suggests that the brain of the ascidian larva has a visual cycle system similar to that of the vertebrate RPE. Based on these data, we discuss the evolution of vertebrate visual systems.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2002년도 국제심포지엄
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

In ascidians, a primitive chordate, maternal cytoplasmic factors and inductive interactions are involved in the specification of cell fate in early embryos. The larval structure of ascidians is relatively simple, and the major mesodermal tissues of the tadpole larva are notochord, muscle and mesemchyme. Formation of muscle cells is a cell-autonomous process, and localized maternal macho-1 mRNA specify muscle fate in the posterior marginal zone of the early embryo. In contrast, inductive influence from endoderm precursors plays important roles in the specification of notochord and mesenchyme fates. FGF-Ras-MAPK signaling is involved in the induction of both tissues. The difference in responsiveness of the posterior mesenchyme and anterior notochord precursors is caused by the presence or absence of the posterior-vegetal egg cytoplasm, respectively. In these cases, directed signal may polarizes the responding cells and cause asymmetric cell divisions that operate in both the anterior and posterior regions.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2003

The tadpole larva of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi has two sensory pigment cells in its brain vesicle. To elucidate the temporal requirement for FGF signaling in formation of the pigment cells, embryos were treated with an FGF receptor 1 inhibitor, SU5402, or an MEK inhibitor, U0126 during various embryonic stages. In the present study, it is shown that the embryos treated with SU5402 from the 16-cell stage to the early gastrula stage do not form pigment cells, whereas those treated after the early gastrula stage form pigment cells. In pigment cell formation, embryos suddenly exhibited the sensitivity to SU5402 only for 1 h at the neural plate stage(-4 h after the beginning of gastrulation). When U0126 treatment was carried out at various stages between the 8-cell and late neurula stages, the embryos scarcely formed pigment cells. Pigment cell formation occurred when the embryos were placed in U0126 at early tail bud stage. These results indicate that FGF signaling is involved in pigment cell formation at two separate processes during ascidian embryogenesis, whereas more prolonged period is required for MEK signaling.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.177-184
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• 1974

발생중의 무당개구리에서의 전신 및 중신 alkaline phosphatase 활성을 Gomori 변법을 써서 관찰하였다. 전신 분비세관의 분화와 함께 세관 刷子綠에 출현한 alkaline phosphataseghkf성은 　蓋완성기에 최고도에 달하였다가 제3후지 형성기에 전신의 퇴화와 함께 효소활성은 감소 소실되었다. 　蓋완성기에 출현한 중신세관에서의 alkaline phosphatase 활성은 변태기를 통하여 강한 양성반응을 보였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1987

1960년 1월 16일 강원도 명주군 옥계면 금진삼리 앞 500m 해상에서 삼중자망으로 채포한 쪽지를 사용하여 선상에서 인공수정시킨 후 실험실로 운반 사육하면서 난발생과정 및 자치어의 형태에 대하여 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 수정란은 난경이 $2.28\~2.36\;mm$로서 담유백색을 띤 구형의 침성점착란이다. 수체내의 사육수온은 $7.5\~21.4^{\circ}C$ 범위였으며 수정후 725시간만에 부화하였다. 부화직후의 자어는 전장이 $6.0\~6.9mm$로서 머리와 몸통이 크며, 배지느러미가 변형된 흡반이 형성되어 있고 수많은 흑색소포가 머리와 몸통부분에 발달한다. 부화후 17일째의 자어를 전장이 9.1 mm이며 아가미구멍은 가슴지느러미 기저 윗부분을 제외하고는 융합되어 있고, 꼬리위에도 흑색소포가 나타난다. 부화후 31일째의 자어는 전장이 10.6mm로서 각 지느러미 기조수가 정수에 달하여 치어로 되며, 제1등지느러미 가시는 소실된다. 부화후 103일째의 치어는 전장이 $15.4\~17.5mm$ 이다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2002

원시적인 척삭동물인 멍게에서 초기 배 세포운명은 모성 세포질인자와 유도적 상호작용에 의하여 결정된다. 매우 단순한 구조를 하고 있는 멍게 올챙이형 유생의 주요한 중배엽 조직으로 척삭, 근육 및 간충직이 존재한다. 근육 세포의 형성은 세포의 자율적인 과정으로, 초기 배의 후부 가장자리에 국재하는 모성 macho-1 mRNA에 의하여 근육 세포의 운명이 결정된다. 이에 반하여, 내배엽 전구세포의 유도작용은 척삭과 간충직 세포의 운명결정에 있어서 중요한 역할을 한다. FGF-Ras-MAPK 신호전달 과정은 이들 조직의 유도에 관여한다. 간충직과 척삭 전구세포에서 FGF신호에 대한 반응성의 차이는 난자의 후방 식물극 세포질에서 유래하는 인자의 존재 또는 부재에 의하여 야기된다. 간충직과 척삭 세포의 유도에 있어서, 지시적 인 신호는 유도신호를 받은 세포를 극성 화하고, 서로 다른 세포운명을 가진 두 개의 딸세포가 형성 되도록 비대칭 세포분열을 촉진한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2009

The solitary ascidian, Halocynthia aurantium, which is commonly called the sea peach because of its coloration and general shape, is a valuable organism of benthic marine population in the northern region of the East Sea, Korea. It is seldom found at a depth of less than 10 meters and the sea peach is frequently observed in large populations between 20 and 100 meters. It appears to prefer attachment to vertical rocks faces and artificial cement blocks exposed to the currents. Mass mortality and reduction of resources in sea peach, H. aurantium, were occurred in the benthic area of the northern region of the East Sea because of the rapid fluctuation of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity due to mass rainfall in summer and going up north of a strong warm current in winter. Therefore, we examined the effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development of fertilized eggs, tadpole larva to metamorphosis, and attachment to siphon development. Laboratory-raised larvae were studied using a two-factorial experimental design with four levels of temperature(8, 12, 16 and $20^{\circ}C$) and four levels of salinity(20, 25, 30 and 34 psu). The ascidian larvae of H. aurantium survived environmental conditions between temperature of $8{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and salinity of 25~34 psu and exhibited positive growth at $8{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and 30~34 psu. Fertilized eggs have not developed at lower salinity of 20 psu irrespective of temperature range tested and have showed an abnormal development at the salinity of 25 psu between higher temperatures of 20 and $24^{\circ}C$. This result suggests that temperature increase and salinity reduction depending on environmental fluctuation may have significant impacts on population variation of H. aurantium in the northern region of the East Sea.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 1990

우렁쉥이의 효율적인 종묘생산을 위한 생물학적 기초자료를 얻고자 산란유발, 난발생 및 채묘에 미치는 환경요인으로서 수온과 조도의 영향에 대하여 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 자극수온별 생산유발 결과 $14^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많은 산란량을 보였고, $12^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높은 수정률을 나타냈다. 2. 난발생의 각단계에 이르기까지의 수온(T, $^{\circ}C$)에 따른 발생속도(h, 시간)는 수온이 높을 수록 빨랐으며, 그 관계식은 다음과 같다. 8세포 1/h =0.0147 T-0.0069(.=0.9816) 32세포 1/h =0.0100 T-0.0017(r=0.9672) 초기미충형유생 1/h =0.0043 T+0.0024(r=0.9913) 부화유생 1/h =0.0021 T-0.0021 (r=0.9898) 3. 우렁쉥이의 수온과 난발생속도와의 관계에서 추정된 난발생의 생물학적영도는 평균 $0.27^{\circ}C$ 였다. 4. 우렁쉥이의 난발생이 가능한 하한수온 및 상한수온은 각각 $0^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$였다. 5. 수온별유생의 부착률은 $14^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았으며, $14^{\circ}C$를 정점으로 수온이 상승, 하강 할 수록 저조한 부착률을 나타냈다.