• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2007

Tablet splitting is used in pharmacy practice to adjust the dose to be administered. However, it also causes several problems such as undesirable effect for sustained release or enteric-coated dosage form, inaccuracy of dose, and pharmacist's safety by splitting hazardous drugs. This study investigated the current status of oral dosage form splitting for patients older than 19 years by analyzing Korea National Health Insurance Claims Database. Out of oral solid drugs prescribed (N=1,486,584) 9.8% of them included tablets (or capsules) split. There were some splitting cases even in sustained release (4.9%), enteric-coated forms (1.3%) and hazardous drugs (2.7%) that were selected by NIOSH (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). The most frequently split drugs were antihistamines, neuropsychotics and steroids. In case of digoxin and warfarin, unit doses in a domestic market were not diverse compared to foreign markets. Guidelines for splitting oral solid dosage forms, approval of diverse doses and conducting dose-response studies for the commonly splitting ingredients on Korean people are needed for the saff and effective use of oral solid drugs.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the status of split tablet prescription in South Korea. Methods: We conducted this analysis using 2016 National Patient Sample data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. We computed split tablet prescription rates by sex and age and determined which medicine and medical specialties had the highest split tablet prescribing rates. Results: The proportion of prescriptions that included split tablets was 15.6% (n=6,687,35). The proportion of prescriptions that included split tablets was higher for females (56.7%) than for males (43.3%), while that of prescriptions including split tablets versus total prescriptions for each sex was higher for males (16.4%) than for females (14.9%) (p<0.001). In the age group under 19 years, the proportion of prescriptions including split tablets (53.7%) was more than half of the total. The highest tablet splitting rate was found to be 89.9% for formoterol fumarate (40 ㎍), and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (60 mg) had the highest number of prescriptions. Pediatrics (65.6%) was the medical field with the highest rate of split tablet prescription. Conclusion: Split tablets were most prescribed to pediatric patients. To minimize the use of split tablets, it is necessary to develop lower dose tablets and establish a policy that promotes prescription of these lower-dose tablets.

• 약학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.60-64
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• 2004

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to determine rapidly and nondestructively the content of ambroxol in intact ambroxol tablets containing 30 mg (12.5％ m/m nominal concentration) by collecting NIR spectra in range 1100-1750 nm. The laboratory-made samples had 10.3∼15.9％ m/m nominal ambroxol concentration. The measurements were made by reflection using a fiber-optic probe and calibration was carried out by partial least square regression (PLSR) with autoscaling. Model validation was performed by randomly splitting the data set into calibration and validation data set (7 samples as a calibration data set and 5 samples as a validation data set). The developed NIR method gave results comparable to the known values of tablets in a laboratorial manufacturing Process, standard error of calibration (SEC) and standard error of prediction (SEP) being 0.49％ and 0.49％ m/m respectively. The method showed good accuracy and repeatability NIR spectroscopic determination in intact tablets allowed the potential use of real time monitoring for a running production process.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2013

낸드 플래시 기반 SSD(Solid State Drive)는 빠른 입출력 성능, 저전력 등의 장점을 가지고 있어, 타블릿, 데스크탑 PC, 스마트폰, 서버 등의 저장장치로 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 SSD는 쓰기 횟수에 따라서 마모도가 증가하는 단점이 있다. SSD의 수명을 향상시키기 위해 다양한 데이터 중복제거 기법이 도입되었으나, 일반적인 고정 크기 분할방식은 데이터의 지역성을 고려하지 않고 청크크기를 할당함으로써, 불필요한 청킹 및 해시값 생성을 수행하는 문제점이 있으며, 가변 크기 분할방식은 중복제거를 위해 바이트 단위로 비교하여 과도한 연산량을 유발한다. 본 논문에서는 SSD 기반 서버급 스토리지에서 쓰기 요청된 데이터의 지역성에 기반한 적응형 청킹 정책을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 중복데이터가 가지는 응용프로그램 및 파일 이름 기반 지역성에 따라 청크 크기를 4KB 또는 64KB로 적응적으로 분할하여, 청킹 및 해시값 생성에 따른 오버헤드를 감소시키고, 중복 쓰기를 방지한다. 실험결과, 제안하는 기법이 기존의 가변 크기 분할 및 4KB의 고정 크기 분할을 이용한 중복제거기법보다 SSD의 쓰기 성능이 향상되고 전력 소모 및 연산시간을 감소시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2014

Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) require very precise dosing. Warfarin and digoxin are the examples of NTI-drugs and dosing of them varies widely for different patients. However, in South Korea, only two strengths of warfarin and one of digoxin are commercially available. This is a big barrier for the precise dispensing and has potential safety risks to patients, particularly to elderly patients. To find a potential solution to the problem, an analysis of the prescribed doses and dispensing patterns of those drugs was performed. Data were collected by computer-facilitated prescription review in a university hospital. The period screened was from May 1st, 2012 to April 30th, 2013. All the prescriptions with either warfarin or digoxin tablets were selected for this study and dispensing patterns were analyzed according to the prescribed doses. A total of 17,017 warfarin prescriptions were analyzed; 8,148 for inpatient prescriptions, 8,869 for outpatient prescriptions, respectively. Of the 23 kinds of prescribed doses, 2 mg (19.9%) was most frequent, followed by 3 mg (13.2%) and 2.5 mg (11.7%). By analyzing the dispensing patterns, 60.3% (10,253) of the prescriptions required pill splitting and 72.0% of them were for the patients 65 years old and over. On the other hand, 4,350 digoxin prescriptions were included in this study. Of the 6 kinds of prescribed doses, 0.125 mg (71.2%) was most frequent, followed by 0.0625 mg (20.2%). Among the prescriptions for digoxin, 92.0% (3,998) should be split and 65.7% of them were for the patients aged 65 years and over. Despite limitations of strengths, various doses of warfarin and digoxin were prescribed. Furthermore, more than half of the prescriptions that required pill splitting were for elderly patients. The results from this study suggest that different strengths of warfarin and digoxin should be provided for accuracy of dispensing and safety for patients receiving them.