• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

Augmented Reality (AR) technology has rapidly been applied to various application areas including e-learning and e-education. Focusing on the design and development of android tablet application, this study targeted to develop infant music education using AR technology. We used a tablet instead of personal computer because it is more easily accessible and more convenient. Our system allows infant users to play with teaching aids like blocks or puzzles to mimic musical play like game. The user sets the puzzle piece on the playground in front of the tablet and presses the play button. Then, the system extracts a region of interest among the images acquired by internal camera and separates the foreground image from the background image. The block recognition software analyzes, recognizes and shows the result using AR technology. In order to have reasonably working recognition ratio, we did experiments with more than 5,000 frames of actual playing scenarios. We found that the recognition rate can be secured up to 95%, when the threshold values are selected well using various condition parameters.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of two risedronate preparations. The clinical assessment was conducted on 46 healthy volunteers who received one tablet (Risedronate sodium 35 mg/tablet) in the fasting state, in a randomized balanced $2{\times}2$ cross-over study design. After dosing of one tablet containing 35 mg risedronate sodium, blood samples were collected serially for a period of 48 hours. Plasma was analyzed for risedronate by using LC/MS/MS assay method. The analysis system was validated in specificity, accuracy, precision, and linearity. $AUC_t$, (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from the zero-time to 48 hr) was calculated through the trapezoidal rule. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) were compiled from the plasma risedronate concentration-time data of each volunteer. No significant sequence effect was found for the pharmacokinetic parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The 90 % - Confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ were from log 0.8752 to log 1.1888 and log 0.8457 to log 1.1478, respectively. These values were within the acceptable intervals between 0.80 and 1.25. Therefore, this study demonstrated that no statistically significant difference was identified with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effects of educational video program delivered using Tablet PC on physical discomfort, uncertainty, state anxiety, and nursing education satisfaction among early gastric cancer patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection. Methods: The study design was nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 60 patients who were hospitalized to undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection. The experimental group watched educational video using Tablet PC (n=30) and the control group received only the usual education (n=30). The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test to examine study hypothesis. Results: The level of physical discomfort (t=3.05, p=.003) and nursing education satisfaction (t=-2.20, p=.032) in the experimental group were significantly different from that of the control group. However, the level of uncertainty (t=-0.82, p=.418) and state anxiety (t=-1.69, p=.097) in the experimental group were not different from that of the control group. Conclusion: The study findings confirm that the educational video program delivered using Tablet PC as an effective intervention alleviating physical discomfort and improving satisfaction regarding nursing education among early gastric cancer patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection. Based on the findings, we believe that the educational video program can be helpful in decreaseing physical discomfort, and it also can be utilized to improve nursing education satisfaction.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.413-419
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• 2006

In this study, the main purpose was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two thioctic acid tablests, Thioctacid HR tablet(Bukwang Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Daewon thioctic acid HR tablet 600 mg(Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). Twenty-four, healthy Korean volunteers were divided into two groups, randomized and treated by $2{\times}2$ crossover study. After the administration of one thioctic acid tablet containing 600 mg thioctic acid, blood samples were taken until 8 hr after the oral administration. LC-MS/MS was applied to determination of thioctic acid, and we calculated the $AUC_t,\;C_{max},\;T_{max}$ from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Daewon thioctic acid tablet 600 mg/Thioctacid HR were log 0.9877$\sim$log 1.1938 and log 0.8169$\sim$log 1.2237, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80$\sim$log 1.25, recommended by KFDA. In all of these results we concluded that Daewon thioctic acid tablet 600 mg was bioequivalent to Thioctacid HR tablet, in terms of rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2010

A bioequivalence study of LANIDIEM$^{(R)}$ tablet 4 mg (Samil. Co., Ltd.) to Vaxar$^{(R)}$ tablet 4 mg (GlaxoSmithKline Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Forty healthy male Korean volunteers were enrolled in the study and thirty six volunteers completed the study according to the protocol. Thirty six volunteers received each medicine at the lacidipine dose of 4 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was one week wash-out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of lacidipine were monitored by a high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for over a period of 24 hours after drug administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for LANIDIEM$^{(R)}$/Vaxar$^{(R)}$ were log 0.8102~log 1.0417 and log 0.8493~log 1.1439, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80~log 1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of LANIDIEM$^{(R)}$ tablet 4 mg and Vaxar$^{(R)}$ tablet 4 mg with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2008

The present study describes the evaluation of the bioequivalence of two atorvastatin tablets, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Pfizer, reference drug) and Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Yuhan, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Forty-nine healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the atorvastatin dose of 40 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study with a two weeks washout interval. After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected at a specific time interval from 0-48 hours. The plasma atorvastatin concentrations were monitored by an high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization technique and operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.5 min and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng/mL for atorvastatin. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 48hr) was calculated by the linear log trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were complied trom the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ / Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ were ${\log}\;0.9413{\sim}{\log}\;1.0179$ and ${\log}\;0.831{\sim}{\log}\;1.0569$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of ${\log}\;0.8{\sim}{\log}\;1.25$. Based on these statistical considerations, it was concluded that the test drug, Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ was bioequivalent to the reference drug, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.315-324
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• 2022

Objective : The aim of this study was to verify the equivalence and effectiveness of the tablet-administered Korean Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (K-RBANS) for the prevention and early detection of dementia. Methods : Data from 88 psychiatry and neurology patient samples were examined to evaluate the equivalence between tablet and paper administrations of the K-RBANS using a non-randomly equivalent group design. We calculated the prediction scores of the tablet-administered K-RBANS based on demographics and covariate-test scores for focal tests using norm samples and tested format effects. In addition, we compared the receiver operating characteristic curves to confirm the effectiveness of the K-RBANS for preventing and detecting dementia. Results : In the analysis of raw scores, line orientation showed a significant difference (t=-2.94, p<0.001), and subtests showed small to large effect sizes (0.04-0.86) between paper- and tablet-administered K-RBANS. To investigate the format effect, we compared the predicted scaled scores of the tablet sample to the scaled scores of the norm sample. Consequently, a small effect size (d≤0.20) was observed in most of the subtests, except word list and story recall, which showed a medium effect size (d=0.21), while picture naming and subtests of delayed memory showed significant differences in the one-sample t-test. In addition, the area under the curve of the total scale index (TSI) (0.827; 95% confidence interval, 0.738-0.916) was higher than that of the five indices, ranging from 0.688 to 0.820. The sensitivity and specificity of TSI were 80% and 76%, respectively. Conclusion : The overall results of this study suggest that the tablet-administered K-RBANS showed significant equivalence to the norm sample, although some subtests showed format effects, and it may be used as a valid tool for the brief screening of patients with neuropsychological disorders in Korea.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two donepezil tablets, $Aricept^{TM}$ tablet (Dae Woong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, reference drug) and $Donpezil^{TM}$ tablet (Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received one tablet containing donepezil hydorchloride 10 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a three-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of donepezil were monitored by an LC-MS/MS far over a period of 240 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$, (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 240 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$)were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, No significant sequence effects were found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were log 0.95${\sim}$log 1.03 and log 0.94${\sim}$log 1.08, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80${\sim}$log 1.25. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Aricept^{TM}$ and $Donpezil^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two amlodipine maleate tablets, SKAD tablet (SK Pharma. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and A-PINE tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male volunteers, $22.79\;{\pm}\;1.86$ years in age and $70.08\;{\pm}\;8.68$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\;{\time}\;2$ crossover study was employed. After a tablet containing 6.42 mg of amlodipine maleate was orally administrated, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals over a period of 144 hr and concentrations of amlodipine in plasma were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 144 hr), $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were calculated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for A-PINE/SKAD were $log\;0.9429{\sim}log \;1.1476$ and $log\;0.9l46{\sim}log\;1.1488$, respectively. Since these values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log\;0.80{\sim}log\;1.25$, recommended by KFDA, it was concluded that A-PINE tablet was bioequivalent to SKAD tablet, in terms of both rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aims to develop Tablet PC-based multimedia educational contents on the procedures from surgery preparation to recovery for hospitalized patients who are going to undergo thoracic surgery and their families. Methods: The educational contents were created based on literature review and a survey of needs in patients and their families who were admitted to a hospital in Seoul from Dec. 2013 to May 2014. The contents were developed in conjunction with a film production company. The educational materials including texts, images, sounds, and videos were developed appling the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) model. Results: Two multimedia educational contents were developed for the patients with coronary artery bypass graft or lung surgery. Each content consisted of six subdivisions of self-learning for 20 minutes. The developed educational contents were completed after testing content validity by 30 medical experts. Conclusion: This study recommends that the Tablet PC-based educational contents for thoracic and cardiovascular patients and their families be used in general wards and intensive care units to relieve their anxiety before surgery and reduce postoperative complications.