• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.241-255
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• 2005

Objectives : In order to comprehend and utilize external therapy, we considered that we needed to research Wu Shi-Ji who was a medical specialist of external therapy. We looked at the special study on external therapy in his book, ${\ll}li-yao-pian-wen{\gg}$, especially ; in this part his generai approach to external therapy was well-detaiied. Methods : We translated and analyzed . Results : In , he gives a supplementary explanation about the insufficient attention paid to external therapy, 膏(gao) - (ti) 坐(zuo) (yu) 抹(mo) 纏法(chan fa), through San Jiao(三焦). And he insisted on his conception of external therapy: ointment(膏) and the moth of sneezing, sitting on herbs(坐), steaming or attaching herbs patients's navel, rubbing(抹) and binding(縛), based on ${\ll}nei-jing{\gg}$ and ${\ll}shang-han-lun{\gg}$. He put forward the general rules of external therapy using those methods. And through , he explained that the efficacy of his external therapy was basically the same as internal therapy and medicine, the only difference was in the method. In addition, this external therapy has some merits when compared with internal medicine. First, it's easier to diagnose a disease and treat patients compared to internal medicine. For instance, when a patient has a problem with his abdomen, we just have to diagnose a disease of the abdomen and treat using one method of external therapy on the abdomenal area. Second, external therapy has fewer side effects. And third, we can utilize the meridian theory when we use external therapy. Conclusions : Through , we basically understood his conception of external therapy. Although more research is needed, we suggest that we need to enlarge our usage of external therapy, not just confine ourselves to smaller areas of focus. His point of view suggests that external therapy is not merely an adjunct to internal therapy, but an interdependent course of study and action in its own right.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.306-306
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• 2010

21 세기는 언제, 어디에서, 누구나가 정보를 자유롭게 염가에 이용할 수 있는 유비쿼터스 정보사회가 될 것으로 예상하고 있다. 이러한 유비쿼터스 사회가 실현되기 위해서는 필연적으로 대두되고 있는 과제가 에너지 공급원의 문제이다. 휴대용 전자제품이나 소형 에너지 공급원으로 지금까지 주로 전지가 사용되어 왔지만 이것들은 교환 및 충전이 불가피하다. 이러한 불편함을 개선하기위해 교환과 충전이 불필요하거나 아주 장시간동안 공급해주는 형태의 에너지 공급원의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이러한 에너지 공급원으로 최근에 많은 연구가 되고 있는 것이 주위의 환경으로부터 버려지는 에너지를 수확(harvesting)하여 전력으로 변환하는 에너지 하베스팅 (energy harvesting)기술이 연구 개발되고 있다. 에너지 하베스팅 응용을 위해서 사용되어지는 압전 세라믹스는 전압출력계수 ($g_{33}$)가 커야하는데 이것은 압전상수 ($d_{33}$)와 유전상수 (${\varepsilon}_{\tau}$)의 값에 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져있다. 그 중에서 우수한 전기적 특성 때문에 PZT를 기반으로 하는 압전 세라믹스가 사용되어져왔다. 그러나 Pb의 높은 유독성과 Pb를 포함하는 제품들의 처분문제들로 인해 제조에 관한 많은 문제점들을 지니고있다. 그리하여, Pb를 포함하지 않는 Pb-free계에 관한 연구가 전세계적으로 활발히 진행되고 있다. 다양한 Pb-free계 후보자들 가운데 $K_{0.5}Na_{0.5}NbO_3$ (KNN)는 높은 큐리온도와 좋은 강유전 특성 및 압전특성 때문에 PZT를 대체할 가장 장래성있는 대안들 중의 하나로 고려되고 있다. 그러나 고온에서 알칼라인 원소들의 높은 휘발성 때문에 보통의 소결공정으로는 소결이 잘되고 치밀한 세라믹스를 얻기가 어렵다. 많은 연구에서 KNN 세라믹스의 소결성을 개선하기 위하여 강유전 또는 반강유전체인 $SrTiP_3$와 $LiTaO_3$를 고용체 형성에 포함시키고 또한 $K_4CuNb_8O_{23}$, $MnO_2$, CuO등과 같은 소결조제를 첨가하여 압전 특성과 소결성을 개선시켰다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비화학양론적 (1-X)[$[(K_{0.5}Na_{0.5}]_{0.97}(Nb_{0.96}Sb_{0.04})O_3]$ + 0.008CuO + 0.2wt% $Ag_2O$ + X $CeMnO_3$의 조성을 사용하여 A사이트와 B 사이트에 각각 Ce이온과 Mn 이온의 치환량을 변화하여 그에 따른 유전 및 압전특성을 조사하였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.393-405
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of changes of head posture and cervical spine shape on the mandibular resting or clenching electromyographic(EMG) activity in anterior temporalis(TA), masseter(MM), sternocleidomastoid muscle(SCM) and trapezius insertion(TI). 30 patients with Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) participated in this study. EMG activity($\mu$V) at rest and clenching was observed in four head postures, namely natural head posture(NHP), forward head posture(FHP), upward head posture(UHP), and downward head posture(DHP). For taking in upward or downward head posture head was inclined 10$^{\circ}$ upward or downward and CROM$^\textregistered$(cervical-range-of motion, Performance attainment Inc., USA) was used to maintain same posture during the procedure, and BioEMG$^\textregistered$ (Bioelectromyograph, Bioresearch Inc., USA) was used to record EMG activity in the above four muscles at eight locations on both sides. The recorded EMG activity($\mu\textrm{V}$) were compared and analyzed by cervical spine shape such as the head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination. Head position from plum line was measured in vertical plate calibrated with cm scale, comical curvature by radius was measured with adjustable curved ruler, and cervical inclination by cervical vertebrae tangent(CVT)was measured in lateral cephalograph. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Mean value of head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination were 4.8cm, 26.7cm, and 86.6$^{\circ}$, respectively, And There were no correlationship among these items. 2. For resting EMG activity by head posture, the value in anterior temporalis was higher at FHP than at DHP, the value in masseter was higher at FHP than at NHP, and DHP, the value in sternocleidomastoid muscle was higher at UHP than at NHP, and the value in trapezius insertion was higher at FHP and DHP than, NHP and UHP. The clenching EMG activity, however, did not show any difference by head posture. 3. Comparison of resting and clenching EMG activity between higher and lower groups by head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination did not show any significant difference. From this result, the author concluded that the cervical spine shape had not significantly affected to EMG activity in usual patients with TMDs.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2017

The geochemical results of the Chunyang granites located in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif, indicate that these rocks have characteristics of calc-alkaline series in the sub-alkaline field, I-type and peraluminous. Most of the geochemical features in major and trace elements show systematic trends, which are similar to differentiation trends of the general Jurassic granitoids in South Korea. The Chunyang granite is largely enriched in mobile LILE (Sr, K, Rb and Ba) relatively immobile HFSE. They show LREE enriched patterns [$(La/Lu)_{CN}=41.8-73.2$] with a slightly negative Eu anomaly [$(Eu/Eu^*)_{CN}=0.89-1.10$]. There are no meaningful correlations in major and trace elements between the Chunyang granites and the Buseok plutonic rock which is the main unit of the Yeongju batholith. This result may suggest that these two plutonic rocks be not derived from the same parent magma. Tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate that the Chunyang granite was formed in volcanic arc environments. These geochemical characteristics results suggest that the Chunyang granite must have been generated at the active continental margin during the subduction of the Jurassic proto-Pacific plate.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.7 s.361
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• pp.9-15
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• 2007

In this paper, we present the design of Schottky diodes and voltage multiplier for UHF-band passive RFID applications. The Schottky diodes were fabricated using Titanium (Ti/Al/Ta/Al)-Silicon (n-type) junction in $0.35\;{\mu}m$ CMOS process. The Schottky diode having $4{\times}10{\times}10\;{\mu}m^{2}$ contact area showed a turn-on voltage of about 150 mV for the forward diode current of $20\;{\mu}A$. The breakdown voltage is about -9 V, which provides sufficient peak inverse voltage necessary for the voltage multiplier in the RFID tag chip. The effect of the size of Schottky diode on the turn-on voltage and the input impedance at 900 MHz was investigated using small-signal equivalent model. Also, the effect or qualify factor of the diode on the input voltage to the tag chip is examined, which indicates that high qualify factor Schottky diode is desirable to minimize loss. The fabricated voltage multiplier resulted in a output voltage of more than 1.3 V for the input RF signal of 200mV, which is suitable for long-range RFID applications.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 1998

The Creataceous volcanic rocks distributed in the southeastern part (Kyeongsang basin) of Korea peninsula are composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. The variation of major elements show that contents of MgO, CaO, $FeO^T$, $Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$ and $P_2O_5$ decrease with increasing of $SiO_2$, but $K_2O$ contents are increased slightly, $Na_2O$ widely dispersed. We can show slightly inflection point and low frequency of dacites in range between 63-65 wt.% $SiO_2$, while continuous trend exit in variation diagram. Variation trends in Harker diagrams for the major, minor, trace and REEs suggest that the BAV (basaltic to andesitic volcanics) and DRV (dacitic to rhyolitic volcanics) are not related to a simple crystal fractionation process. In the regime of under 65 wt. % in silica content, fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene is predominant, while that of plagioclase happens strongly higher than 65 wt.% (e.g., $SiO_2$, vs. Eu and Sr, MgO vs. $Al_2O_3$ and CaO). The latter means low-pressure fractional crystallization for DRV. On the discriminant diagram, DRV are located in more mature environment than BAV. The $(Ce/Sm)_N$ vs. CeN digram shows that these two classes cannot be related to crystal fractionation. If they had been produced by fractionation, although they plotted in a slightly elongate cluster along the same horizontal trend, DRV should lie to the right of these primitive compositions. These diagrams clearly rule out a simple fractionation throughout from BAV to DRV. BAV had been influenced greatly subductiong slab as shown by K/Yb vs. Ta/Yb. We suggest that BAV primitive magma generated higher degree of partial melting than DRV primitive magma. LILE (K, Ba, $Rb{\pm}Th$) enriched characteristics as shown in BAV are inherited from subducting slab fluids and/or higher degree of partial melting of mantle material. However, lower degree of partial melting of mantle relative to BA V and contamination at high-level magma reservoir caused LILE enrichment to DRV.