• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.677-685
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• 1993

Experience with bileaflet mechanical valve replacement at the Inha Hospital in 192 patients, operated on from June 1986 until April 1993. Two hundred fourty-one prostheses [51 Duromedics, 79 St.Jude Medical, and 111 CafboMedics]were implanted during the total 195 operations. Mitral valve replacment[MVR]was done in 113 cases, aortic valve replacement[AVR]in 34, tricuspid valve replacement[TVR]in 2, and double valve replacement[DVR]in 46 cases.Of the total patients, 63.0% were women and 37.0% were men. The mean age of the patients was 40.8 years, ranged from 14 to 67years. Overall early mortality was 9.2\ulcorner%[18 out of 195]; 9.7%[11 out of 113]for MVR, 14,7% [5 out of 34]for AVR, and 4.3%[2 out of 46]for DVR. All of the operative survors were followed over a period of one to 83 months with a mean of 37 months, for total 543 patient-years. So far, eleven patients[6.7% of the long-term survivors]were lost to follov-up after a mean postoperative follow-up of 22.8 months. There were nine late deaths; three deaths due to prostetic valve endocarditis, two due to persistent heart failure, one due to cerebral hemorrhage, one due to aortic dissection after Bentall oreration, and two sudden deaths. Actuarial survival rate at 6.9 years was 94.8%, There were seventeen valve-related complications; three prosthetic valve thromboses, three thrombembolisms, three instances of prosthetic valve endocarditis, two paravalvular leakages, and six hemorrhagic complications related to anticoagulation. The actuarial rate of freedom from all valve-related complications at 6.9years was 91.3%. There were significant decreases in the heart size postoperatively that can be demonstrated by comparison of cardio-thoracic ratios on simple chest X-ray and left ventricle dimensions on echocardiography. We conclude that this midterm follow-up shows good results in terms of hemodynamics and durability although further long-term evaluations are mandatory.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.446-455
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• 1985

A total and consecutive 156 patients have undergone cardiac valve surgery including 13 closed mitral commissurotomy, 13 open mitral commissurotomy, one mitral annuloplasty, 75 mitral valve replacement, one aortic annuloplasty, 24 aortic valve replacement, 3 tricuspid valve replacement, 25 double valve replacement and one triple valve replacement. 155 prosthetic valves were replaced in a period between September 1976 and August 1985. There were 68 males and 88 females with age range from 8 to 69 yrs [mean 36.5 yr]. Out of replaced valves, 61 was tissue valve including 54 Carpentier-Edwards, and 4 was mechanical valves including 74 St. Jude Medical, and the position replaced was 101 valves for mitral, 46 for aortic and 8 for tricuspid. Single valve replacement in 102 cases, double valve replacement in 25 cases [17 for AVR+MVR, and 8 for MVR+TVR], and only one case was noted in the triple valve replacement. Early mortality within 30 days after operation was noted in 11 cases [7%]; 7 after MVR, 2 after DVR, and each one after open mitral commissurotomy and mitral annuloplasty. Cause of death was valve thrombus, cerebral air embolism, low output syndrome, uncontrollable arrhythmia, parapneumonic sepsis, acute cardiac tamponade and left atrial rupture. 7 late deaths were noted during the follow-up period from 1 to 104 months [average 48 month]; three due to valve and left atrial thrombus formation, two due to CVA from overdose of warfarin, and each one due to congestive heart failure and chronic constrictive pericarditis, Anticoagulants after prosthetic valve replacement were maintained with warfarin, dipyridamole and aspirin to the level of around 50% of normal prothrombin time in 79 cases, and Ticlopidine with aspirin in 47 cases to compare the result of each group. There were 11 major thromboembolic episodes including 3 deaths in the warfarin group. Two cases of CVA due to overdose of warfarin was noted in the warfarin group. In the ticlopidine group, there was only one left atrial thrombus confirmed at the time of autopsy. Among the survived 138 cases, nearly all cases[136 cases] were included in NYHA functional class I and II during the follow-up period. In conclusion, surgical treatment of the cardiac valve disease in 156 clinical cases revealed excellent result with acceptable operative risk and late mortality. Prevention of thrombus formation with anti-platelet aggregator Ticlopidine has better result than warfarin group presently with no specific side effect such as bleeding or gastrointestinal trouble.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.324-330
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• 1994

The multicatalvtic 205 proteasome consisting of 12-15 subunits of 22-35 kDa is the catalytic core of the ATP/ubiquitin-dependent 26S protease complex that also is comprised of multiple subunits of 22-110 KDa. In order to determine whether the proteolvtic activities change during muscle development, the enzyme preparations were obtained from 11-, 14- and 17-day old chick embryonic muscle using a BioGel A-1.5m column. The 26S complex preparation from 14- or 17-day old muscle hvdr olvz e d both N -s uccinvl- Le u- Le u -Val-Tvr-7- amido -4- methvlco umarin ( Suc- LLVY- AMC) and ubiquitin-Ivsozvme conjugates about 50% as well as that from 11-day old muscle. In addition, the activity of 20S proteBsome against Suc-LLVY-AMC also decreased by about 20-30%. However, the protein level of 265 complex remained constant during the entire development period, while that of 205 proteasome increased 5- to 6-fold, as analyzed by nondenaturins polyacrvlamide gel elenrophoresis followed by immunoblot analysis using the antibodies raised against the purified enzymes. Thus, the specific activity of 20S proteasome against the peptide must decrease rather dramatically during the muscle development. These results suggest that the development-dependent changes in the proteolytic activities of both 20S proteasome and 26S protease complect from embryonic muscle are due to alterations in the expression of certain subunits in the enzvmes that are responsible for their specific cataIVtic functions but not to overall changes in the enzyme amounts.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 광대역 Tonpilz 트랜스듀서를 설계하고, 설계 결과의 타당성을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 광대역 주파수 특성을 이루기 위해서 전면추의 flapping 모드를 트랜스듀서의 종방향 공진 모드와 결합시켰으며, 유한요소 해석과 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 주어진 설계조건, 구동조건 하에서 가장 넓은 송신 비대역폭(fractional bandwidth)을 확보할 수 있는 트랜스듀서의 최적 구조를 설정하였다. 최적화된 구조는 단일모드 트랜스듀서에 비해 월등히 넓은 -6 dB 송신 비대역폭을 나타내었다. 설계 결과의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 도출된 최적 구조대로 트랜스듀서 시험편을 제작하여 주파수 특성을 측정하였으며, 측정결과는 설계 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an attractive reverse-genetics tool for studying gene function in plants. We showed that silencing of a phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene is maintained throughout TRV-PDS-inoculated tomato plants as well as in their flowers and fruit and is enhanced by low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) and low humidity (30%). RT-PCR analysis of the PDS gene revealed a dramatic reduction in the level of PDS mRNA in leaves, flowers and fruits. Silencing of PDS results in the accumulation of phytoene, the desaturase substrate. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in the leaves of PDS-silenced plants was reduced by more than 90%. We also silenced the LeEIN2 gene by infecting seedlings, and this suppressed fruit ripenning. We conclude that this VIGS approach should facilitate large-scale functional analysis of genes involved in the development and ripening of tomato.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.675-679
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• 2005

배경: 삼중 판막 대치술의 임상적 결과에 대한 문헌들은 매우 드물다. 대랄 및 방법. 1992년 1월부터 2003년 12월까지 38명의 환자가 연세 심장혈관 병원에서 삼중 판막에 대한 대치술을 시행받았다. 평균 나이는 $49.5\pm10.7 (28\~69)$세였으며 24명이 여자였다. 류마치스성 심장 판막 질환이 가장 흔한 원인이었고(n=37), 수술 전 New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class는 II가 4명, III가 24명, IV가 10명이었다. 15명의 환자는(group 1) 최초의 수술에서 삼중 판막 대치술을 시행 받은 경우였고, 23명의 환자는(group 2) 이전에 일회 이상의 심장 수술을 받았으며 한 명을 제외하고는 삼첨 판막 대치술을 제일 나중에 시행 받은 경우였다. 7명의 환자는 최초 수술에서 삼첨 판막 성형술을 받은 후 삼첨 판막 대치술을 시행 받은 환자들이었다. 걸과 수술 사망은 6명$(15.8\%)$이었으며 모두 group 2에 속하는 환자들이었다. 최초 수술에서 삼중 판막 대치술을 시행 받은 15명의 환자는 수술 사망 없이 모두 퇴원하였다. 평균 $66.0\pm40.7$개월의 추적 관찰 기간 중에 만기 사망은 3명$(9.4\%)$에서 있었으며 대부분의 환자에서 NYHA functional class의 향상을 보였다. 4명의 환자에서 인공 판막과 관련된 합병증이 있었으며, 10년 생존율은 $68.8\%$였고, 생존자에 있어서 재수술을 포함한 10년 무사고 생존율은 $85.5\%$였다. 결론: 삼중 판막 대치술 후에 대부분의 환자에서 증상의 호전을 보였다. 그리고 추적 관찰기간 중에 인공 판막과 관련된 합병증 발생 및 생존율은 만족할 만한 결과를 보였다. 따라서 적응이 되는 경우에는 환자의 상태가 더 나빠지기 전에 삼중 판막 대치술을 적극적으로 고려해야 할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 1997

본 연구(硏究)는 수경재배토마토에 있어서, 음(陰)이온이 무기양분흡수(無機養分吸收) 및 식물체의 원소조성(元素組成)에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수경재배의 주요 질소원으로 사용하고있는 $NO_3-N$의 영향에 관해 검토하였다. 토마토(TVR-2)는 파종후 24일에 정식하고 정식후 126일에 재배를 종료하였다. 배양액은 일본원시(園試)표준액을 기본조성(基本組成)으로하여 $NO_3-N$농도 8, 16, 24, 32cmol/l 처리구를 설정하고, 정식후 33일에 양액탱크용량 150l, 베드크기 $90{\times}90{\times}5cm$에 8주를 정식하여 재배하고, 재배종료기의 식물체를 화방별(花房別) 기관별(器官別)로 분획채취(分劃採取)하여 건물중을 평량한 후 무기성분(無機成分)을 분석 검토 하였다. 엽신(葉身)과 엽병(葉柄)의 건물중은 $NO_3-N$농도가 높을수록 증가 하였으나, 과실의 건물중은 $NO_3-N$농도 16cmol/l 처리구가 가장 높았다. 생식기관(生殖器官)에 대한 영양기관(營養器官)의 건물중비율(乾物重比率)은 $NO_3-N$농도 16cmol/l 처리구가 가장 낮았고, $NO_3-N$처리농도가 증가함에 따라 높아졌으며, 과실수량은 $NO_3-N$농도 16cmol/l 처리구가 가장 많았다. $NO_3-N$처리농도가 증가함에 따라, 엽신(葉身)과 엽병중(葉柄中)의 전질소, $NO_3-N$, Ca 및 Na농도가 증가하였으며, $NO_3-N$ 농도 24 및 32cmol/l 처리구에서 K, P, S 및 Cl농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 수경재배토마토에 있어서 $NO_3-N$의 적정농도는 생육시기에따라 다르며 영양생장기(營養生長期)에는 8cmol/l가, 생식생장기(生殖生長期)에는 16cmol/l가 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 식물의 무기음(無機陰)이온흡수에 미치는 양액중의 $NO_3-N$의 영향은 그 농도에 따라 다르며, $NO_3-N$농도가 낮을때는 주로 $Cl^-$과 그리고 $NO_3-N$농도가 높을때는 $SO_4{^{2-}}$ 및 $H_2PO_4{^-}$과 흡수길항관계(吸收拮抗關係)가 있었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.74-84
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• 1998

어종식별을 위한 수중음향학적 정보를 수집하는 데 이용하기 위한 초음파 변환기를 설계하기 위한 시도의 하나로서, 본 연구에서는 우선 수중에서의 전기적인 자유 임피던스가 서로 같고, 이주파간의 주파수 차이를 최소화 시켜 이주파 겸용 및 광대역 송.수파기로서 활용이 가능한 복합구조 초음파 변환기를 설계, 제작하였는 데, 이 변환기의 이중공진 진동특성에 대하여 분석, 고찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 기본공진진동을 발생시키기 위해 설계한 Tonpilz형 초음파 변환기의 송파전압감도는 기본공진주파수 36.2 kHz에서 141.4 dB re $1\;\muPa/V$이었고, - 3 dB점에 대한 주파수 대역폭은 1.1 kHz이었으며, 이 변환기의 수중에 대한 전압음향변환효율은 85.2%였다. 2. 복합구조 초음파 변환기의 수중에서의 제1공진점에 대한 공진 및 반공진 주파수는 각각 39.7 kHz, 41.2 kHz이었다. 또한, 제1 및 제2 공진 주파수에 대한 임피던스는 각각 $3.7\;{K\Omega}\;과\;3.3\;{K\Omega}$으로서 거의 유사한 값을 나타내었고, 자유 임피던스 진폭과 위상의 측정치를 양 공진점 부근에서 계산치와 약간의 차이를 나타내었다. 3. 복합구조 초음파 변환기의 송파전압감도는 제1 공진주파수인 34.3 kHz에서 136.5 dB re $1\;\muPa/V$이었고, 제2 공진주파수인 40.4 kHz에서 136.8 dB re $1\;\muPa/V$이었다. 또한, 제1 및 제2 공진 주파수에 대한 - 3 dB 점에서의 주파수 대역폭은 각각 1.2 kHz, 1.1 kHz이었다. 이상의 결과로 부터 본 연구에서 설계, 개발한 복합구조 초음파 변환기는 단순 구조의 Tonpilz형 변환기와 비교하여 비록 송파전압감도에 있어서는 4.9 dB의 손실이 불가피하지만, 그 대신 송파감도가 같은 두 개의 공진주파수를 동시에 이용할 수 있고, 또한 이들 제1일 제2의 공진점에 대한 주파수 간격이 좁으면서도 송파감도의 변동폭이 비교적 작어 어종의 식별정보를 수집하는 데 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1020-1029
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• 1988

The authors evaluated 153 patients who had undergone cardiac valve replacement between October 1979 and July 1988. The results are as follows: l. Out of 153 patients, there were 56 males and 97 females ranging from 15 to 62 years of age with a mean of 37 years. 2. Isolated mitral valve replacement took place in 82 patients, aortic valve replacement[AVR] in 16, double valve replacement[DVR] in 34, AVR combined with open mitral commissurotomy in 19, and tricuspid valve replacement[TVR] was done in 2 patients. 3. 153 patients had 187 prosthetic valves replaced with Ionescu-Shiley valves[16], Carpentier-Edwards[36], Bjork-Shiley[19], St. Jude Medical[108], and Duromedics[8]. 4. Our of 98 patients with atrial fibrillation[ 64% of a total 153 patients ] during the preoperative period, 22 patients recovered NSR[ 22/98, NSR recovery rate 22.4%] after valvular surgery and remaining 76 patients revealed persisting atrial fibrillation[76/153, 49.7% ]. 5. Preoperative episodes of systemic arterial embolization were attained in 9 patients[9/153, 6% ], and left atrial thrombi were confirmed in 22 patients intraoperatively[ 22/153, 14% ]. Of these, only one patient, however, demonstrated the correspondence of preoperative embolization and intraoperative existence of LA thrombi. 6. With mechanical prostheses, anticoagulant therapy was begun 48 hours after operation with sodium warfarin[2.5-5.0mg/day], maintaining the prothrombin time between 16 and 18 seconds or 30 to 50% of control values and continued for life. With tissue prostheses, sodium warfarin was continued for 3 to 6 months and converted into buffered ASA[ 325 mg/day ] for one year. 7. The mean follow-up for the survivors was 30.1 months, with a range from 3 months to 9 years. All suspected or confirmed thromboembolic episodes counted as events and occurred in 4 patients[ 1.04%/patient-year] with mechanical valve replacement. No persistent paralysis or death was noted. Late complications have not yet occurred in the patients with isolated MVR and AVR. 8. There were remarkable structural failures of tissue valves in 3 patients[ 1.9%/patient-year ], while no instance of failure of a mechanical valve. 9. There were 10 operative early deaths[10/153, 6.5%] and 5 late deaths[5/153, 3.3%]. Consequently, overall mortality was 9.8%[ 15/153] during follow-up period. 10. We currently favor using the St. Jude Medical valve in all patients requiring valve replacement except in those who can not take warfarin anticoagulation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.404-420
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• 1991

Surgical treatment of congenital and acquired heart disease preceded the development of accurate techniques for diagnosis, heart lung machine and cardiopulmonary bypass, intraoperative myocardial protection, operative techniques and cardiac anesthesia. For 5 years from Sep. 1985 to Sep. 1990, six hundred cases of open heart surgeries [OHS] were performed in the department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The annual number of OHS[cases per year] was above 100 since 1987, and the increasing rate of cases was 23.5% per year since 1986. 2. Among the total 600 cases, there were 470 cases of congenital heart diseases and 130 cases of acquired. Age range of the congenital patients was 8 months to 44 years with the mean age of 10 years, and acquired patients was 16 to 56 years with the mean age of 36 years. 3. Among the 470 congenital anomalies, there were 429 cases of acyanotic and 41 cyanotic patients. Totally, VSD was 286 cases[60.6%], ASD 103 cases[21.9%], TOF 35 cases [7.4%], PS 20 cases [4.1%], ECD 12 cases [2.0%], Ebstein`s anomaly 3 cases [0.6%], Valsalva sinus rupture 3 cases [0.6%] and others. The appropriate one stage radical operations were applied to the all congenital cases with the result of 2.6% immediate postoperative hospital mortality rate. 4. Among the 130 acquired cases, there were 122 cases of valvular heart diseases, 6 of heart tumors [5 myxoma, one malignant histiocytoma], one of LA thrombus and one of annuloaortic ectasia. Cardiac tumors and LA thrombus were removed through the atrial septal approach. Bentall procedure was adopted to the annuloaortic ectasia case. AVR, MVR and TVA [DeVega procedure] were applied to 120 valve diseases, and there were also one of OMC and one of MVA[Jerome-Kay procedure]. 5. Among the 120 valve replacement cases, there were 87 of single valve replacement cases [AVR: 8, MVR: 79], 11 of double valve replacement [AVR+MVR: 11], 12 of MVR+TVR and 10 of MVR+AVR+TVA. The total number of implanted prosthetic valves were 141. In MVR, 45 of St. Jude Medical valves, 63 of Carpentier-Edward valves and 4 of Ionescu-Shiley valves were used. In AVR, 18 of St. Jude Medical valves and 11 of Carpentier-Edward valves were used. in MVR, 29mm and 31mm sized valves were used mostly and In AVR, 23mm sized valves were used mostly. 6. Postoperatively many kinds of complications were occurred. Among them, wound problems [30 cases], low output syndrome [29 cases], arrhythmia [20 cases], pleural effusion and pneumothorax [13 cases] were occurred frequently. The postoperative immediate hospital mortality was 3.0% in total [congenital 2.6%, acquired 4.6%].