• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.200-210
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• 2017

본 연구는 조선후기 병서 중 "이진총방"의 진도(陣圖)를 바탕으로 고전 진법의 기본모형(陣形)을 재구성하여 진법의 구성원리와 운영체계를 분석하였다. 연구방법은 고전진법의 기본인 방진(方陣)을 토대로 원진(圓陣), 직진(直陣), 곡진(曲陣), 예진(銳陣) 등의 오방진(五方陣)과 현무진(玄武陣), 팔진(八陣), 육화진(六花陣), 구군진도(九軍陣圖) 등 진법의 운영체계를 재구성하여 비교분석 하였다. 분석결과, 모든 진법의 운용은 기본적으로 방진에서 출발하되 정사각, 직사각, 오각형 그리고 원형의 형태로 변형되고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 진법 내부의 진용 구성은 5가지 선형을 활용하는 바 직사각, 정사각, 대각선, 곡선, 원형 등 5가지 동선체계로 이루어져 있음을 확인하였다. 연구대상인 원진도는 기본방진에서 2중 원의 선형으로 동선체계를 갖추고, 예진도는 기본방진의 편성대열에서 여타 진법보다 최소의 동선거리로 공격적 선형을 갖춘다. 곡진도는 방패형 2중진 형태로 이동동선을 유지하고, 현무진도는 거북모양의 진형으로 좌우 균형의 5각형 동선을 형성한다. 육화진은 원이 지니는 회전력을 무기로 삼는 진법으로 좌우 및 상하 대칭으로 원주율이 같은 여섯 개의 원형동선을 형성하여 꽃잎모양의 선형(線形)을 갖춘 형태이다. 구군진도는 육화진도에서의 원형 대신 9개 정사각형 선형(線形)을 갖추는 방식이다. 팔진도는 정사각, 직사각, 십자형의 3가지 선형으로 14개 진형을 형성하며 면과 선, 외곽선과 대각선의 중층적 3중 방어체계를 갖춘 동선체계이다. 연구 성과는 군사적인 면에서 진법의 실체를 규명함으로써 조선시대 전투양상의 실체를 파악하게 해주면서, 현대전에서 병사들의 훈련에 활용가능한 병법의 유형을 제시한 점에서 군사적, 학술적 가치를 지닌다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2012

타킬라이트는 현무암질 용암의 급랭에 의해 형성된 흑색의 현무암질 유리질암로서 울릉도 최 하부층 현무암질 집괴암 내에서 드물게 산출된다. 본 논문의 목적은 타킬라이트의 산출특징과 미세조직의 광물학적 특징을 규명하고, 울릉도 초기 화산활동의 의미를 밝히는데 있다. 이를 위하여 타킬라이트의 산상을 조사하고 편광현미경, XRD, EPMA, SEM을 이용하여 광물학적 연구를 수행하였다. 타킬라이트는 내수전, 도동 및 저동 해안산책로, 거북바위, 예림원 지역 현무암질 집괴암 내 염기성 암맥 주변부에서 산출된다. 타킬라이트의 폭은 수 cm 내지 10 cm까지 다양하다. 타킬라이트의 겉 표면은 치밀하고 매끈하나, 내부는 패각상 깨짐이 특징적이다. 타킬라이트의 기질부는 유리질과 같은 비정질로 구성되어 있으며, 미립질의 반정광물로는 흑운모, 아노소클레이즈, 새니딘, 사장석, 각섬석, 및 티탄철석 등이 소량으로 포함된다. 타킬라이트에서 특징적으로 발달하는 균열은 아원형, 타원형이 우세하며, 간혹 여러 다면체를 보이는데, 경계부가 구획되어 일종의 구상체나 덩어리를 이룬다. 조직과 광물조성의 특징으로 볼 때, 타킬라이트는 가수분해작용과 같은 후속 저온성 변질작용을 거의 받지 않았다. 타킬라이트의 산출특징은 울릉도 하부층인 현무암집괴암층의 대부분이 수중환경에 있었거나, 최소한 해수에 포화되어 있었음을 지시한다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.77-92
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• 1997

덕진공원의 생물상을 조사하고 환경 및 생물의 서식 상태를 개선한 수 있는 기초적인 대책을 수립하기 위하여 1996년 6월에 조사를 실시하였다. 조사는 식물상, 플랑크톤 조사, 곤충상, 척추동물상(어류, 양서류, 파충류, 조류, 포유류)으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 조사결과, 식물상은 모두 49과 84속 83총 1품종 11변종으로 확인되었다. 호수에는 연꽃 Nelembo nucifera과 개구리밥 Spirodela polyrhiza이 우점종을 차지하였고, 수질개선의 측면에서 동절기에 이들의 제거가 요구된다. 덕진공원 내에 플랑크톤은 6강 10목 18과 40속이 출현하였고 이중 부영양화 현상을 일으키는 Anacystis(=Microcystis)와 Anabaena가 출현하였다. 공원내에서 출현하는 곤충은 11목 30과 41종으로 확인되었고 보다 많은 곤충이 모이게 하기 위해서 다양한 화초류을 심는 것이 필요하다고 본다. 한편 어류는 7종, 양서류는 2종, 파충류는 3종, 조류는 7종 및 포유류는 1종이 관찰되었다. 이중에서 황소개구리와 청거북과 같은 외래도입종을 제거하기 위해서는 특별한 관심이 지속적으로 요구된다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Objective: Computers and smartphones have become a necessity for modern people, and the use of these things in an inappropriate position has increased the number of people who complain about neck problems. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of cervical angle, range of motion (ROM) and pain threshold according to the McKenzie stretching and dry cupping therapy. Design: Cross-over design. Methods: We included 12 male and 6 female college students in their twenties, and conducted a pre- and post-test to evaluate the changes of each variable after the application of the McKenzie stretching and dry cupping therapy. Results: Neither the cervical spine angle nor the turtle neck angle showed any change in both the McKenzie stretching and the dry cupping treatment. In the McKenzie stretching, the pain threshold decreased, and the ROM of the cervical spine increased in all directions but there was no significant difference. The pain threshold was increased in the dry cupping treatment, and the ROM of the cervical spine was significantly increased in all directions (p<0.05). Comparisons of the McKenzie stretching and cupping treatment showed that the cupping treatment produced significantly greater pain thresholds and improvements in ROM of the cervical spine than the McKenzie stretching technique (p<0.05). Conclusions: Cupping treatment is more effective in improving ROM of the cervical spine and pain thresholds than the McKenzie stretching technique. In the future, cupping treatment will be one of the treatment options for pain and ROM impairments of the cervical spine.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.283-300
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• 2006

본고는 남북경제협력 사업인 개성공단 개발사업으로 남 북한 모두에게 장소의 의미가 커진 북한 개성시의 자연경관특성을 지명을 통해 살펴본 것이다. 본 연구는 북한의 문헌분석, 탈북자와 개성공단 북한 근로자를 대상으로 한 심층면담, 그리고 두 차례의 개성 현지답사를 통해 진행되었으며, 주요한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지명에 나타난 개성지역 산지의 특성은 산지의 구성비율이 높고 산의 형태가 둥근 모양과 삿갓 모양이 많으며, 산과 하천으로 둘러싸인 곳은 잦은 안개발생과 하천침식에 의한 돌이 많은 것이 특징이다. 둘째, 지명에 나타난 개성의 하천은 모래의 양이 많고 유황이 불안정하며 일부 개풍군 및 판문군 일대의 하천은 조석의 영향을 받는 것이 특징이다. 넷째, 지명에 투영된 동 식물은 그 서식환경이 개성지역의 자연환경과 유사한 것이 특징이다. 넷째, 토양, 벼랑, 벌, 바위와 관련된 기타지명에서 토양 특히 붉은 토양과 관련된 지명은 개성의 북부 산지지역에 분포하고, 벼랑과 관련된 지명은 벼랑 발달의 원인이 되는 하천 연안에 분포하는 것이 특징이다. 그리고 평야를 의미하는 벌 관련 지명은 사천강의 지류인 서암천 연안에 분포하고, 바위 관련 지명은 산과 하천 그리고 마을이 혼재되어 있는 곳에 분포하는 것이 특징이다. 결론적으로 북한개성지역은 남북경제협력 사업이자 평화구축 프로젝트인 개성공단 개발사업과 개성관광사업으로 남 북한 모두에게 지역 자체가 차지하는 비중이 매우 크다. 하지만 개성지역이 북한 땅이기 때문에 자료접근이 어렵고 기초연구가 거의 이루어지지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 개성지명에 관한 본 연구는 지역정보를 담고 있기 때문에 향후 개성지역을 관리하고 운영하는데 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사려된다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 1973

During the last decade extensive studios on catecholamines have evolved new knowledge in the physiology and biochemistry of adrenergic mechanism. Cardiac muscle, receiving adrenergic fibres from the stellate, cervical and thoracic ganglia, has been repeatedly shown to have a specific capacity to uptake and to store catecholamines. The catecholamine stores in cardiac muscle have also been shown to be important sites for the action of numerous drugs. Under normal condition, a certain level of catecholamines is maintained in the stores and serves as the basis for studying the changes in the catecholamine content of the heart. Because myocardial catecholamines play such important role in the patho-physiology of the heart, it would be interesting to compare the normal level of myocardial catecholamines among various species of animals. An occasional study has dealt with myocardial catecholamines of several species add ages of animals but these have been insufficiently comprehensive to afford a basis for an understanding of the importance of these amines as related to species and ages. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not there is any significance of myocardial catecholamines in the course of the evolution and development of animals. Seasonal changes, sex difference and regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial catecholamines were also examined. The concentration of cardiac catecholamines was determined by the spectrophotofluorometric procedure described by Shore and Olin. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. As animals phylogenetically progressed larger amounts of catecholamines were resent in their hearts. A negligibly small amount of catecholamine was present in the hearts of the clam, a non-vertebrate. Among the vertebrates, cold-blooded animals (snake, turtle, frog, eel and fish) had less myocardial catecholamines than warm-blooded animals, of which aves (fowl and duck) had less than mammalia (cat, dog, rabbit, rat, cow and pig). The ratio of norepinephrine to epinephrine also was greater as the animals progress phylogenetically. 2. Examination of the regional distribution of cardiac catecholamines in warm-blooded animals showed that the content of the auricle was generally higher than that of the septum and considerably than that of the ventricle, but the differences of contents among these regions were not so marked. 3. In the embryonic chick, cardiac catecholamines were firstly detected on the 4th day of incubation, the time before the cardiac innervation of sympathetic nerves. The concentrations of these catecholamines increased but not markedly on the 6th day of incubation, soon after the innervation of sympathetic nerves to the heart. The level of the cardiac catecholamines fluctuated throughout the remainder of embryonic development. 4. In newborn rat hearts, a considerable amount of catecholamines was present. With the development of the rats, the concentrations of myocardial catecholamines increased. The ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine fluctuated within the range of 40 to 60 pervent. However, as development progressed, the percentage of norepinephrine continued to rise, attaining the adult value of $80{\sim}90%$ after $45{\sim}60$ days. In contrast, the total amount of epinephrine remained fairly constant throughout the animal's development. 5. No significant sexual differences were observed in the concentration of myocardial catecholamines in the developing rat. 6. The catecholamines in the rabbit hearts increased during the summer season (from May to August) and maintained a fairly constant level in the other seasons of the year. 7. The subcellular distribution of cardiac catecholamines was examined by differential centrifugation of homogenates of cardiac muscles in rabbits, cats and rats. The catecholamines were found to be present approximately 20% in particles of mitochondrial fraction, 45% in particles of microsomal fraction and 35% in soluble supernatant fraction. The particle containing catecholamines in cardiac muscle appears to be two different sizes.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제10권
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• pp.183-218
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• 2006

Colors change in time corresponding with the value system and aesthetic consciousness of the time. The roles that colors play in painting can be divided into the formative role based on the contrast and harmony of color planes and the aesthetic role expressed by colors to represent the objects. The aesthetic consciousness of the orient starts with the Civility(禮) and Pleasure(樂), which is closely related with restrained or tempered human feelings. In the art world of the orient including poem, painting, and music, what are seen and felt from the objects are not represented in all. Added by the sentiment laid background, the beauty of the orient emphasizes the beauty of restraint and temperance, which has long been the essential aesthetic emotion of the orient. From the very inception of oriental painting, colors had become a symbolic system in which the five colors associated with the philosophy of Yin and Yang and Five Forces were symbolically connected with the four sacred animals of Red Peacock, Black Turtle, Blue Dragon, and White Tiger. In this color system the use of colors was not free from ideological matters, and was further constrained by the limited color production and distribution. Therefore, development in color expression seemed to have been very much limited because of the unavailability and unreadiness of various colors. Studies into the flow in oriental painting show that color expression in oriental painting have changed from symbolic color expression to poetic expression, and then to emotional color expression as the mode of painting changes in time. As oriental painting transformed from the art of religious or ceremonial purpose to one of appreciation, the mast visible change in color expression is the one of realism(simulation). Rooted on the naturalistic color expression of the orient where the fundamental properties of objects were considered mast critical, this realistic color expression depicts the genuine color properties that the objects posses, with many examples in the Flower & Bird Painting prior to the North Sung dynasty. This realistic expression of colors changed as poetic sentiments were fused with painting in later years of the North Sung dynasty, in which a conversion to light ink and light coloring in the use of ink and colors was witnessed, and subjective emotion was intervened and represented. This mode of color expression had established as free and creative coloring with vivid expression of individuality. The fusion of coloring and lyricism was borrowed from the trend in painting after the North Sung dynasty which was mentioned earlier, and from the trend in which painting was fused with poetic sentiments to express the emotion of artists, accompanied with such features as light coloring and compositional change. Here, the lyricism refers to the artist's subjective perspective of the world and expression of it in refined words with certain rhythm, the essence of which is the integration of the artist's ego and the world. The poetic ego projects the emotion and sentiment toward the external objects or assimilates them in order to express the emotion and sentiment of one's own ego in depth and most efficiently. This is closely related with the rationale behind the long-standing tradition of continuous representation of same objects in oriental painting from ancient times to contemporary days. According to the thoughts of the orient, nature was not just an object of expression, but recognized as a personified body, to which the artist projects his or her emotions. The result is the rebirth of meaning in painting, completely different from what the same objects previously represented. This process helps achieve the integration and unity between the objects and the ego. Therefore, this paper discussed the lyrical expression of colors in the works of the author, drawing upon the poetic expression method reflected in the traditional Flower and Bird Painting, one of the painting modes mainly depending on color expression. Based on the related discussion and analysis, it was possible to identify the deep thoughts and the distinctive expression methods of the orient and to address the significance to prioritize the issue of transmission and development of these precious traditions, which will constitute the main identity of the author's future work.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1157-1176
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• 2003

The following conclusions are induced from a study on the acupuncture therapy depending on hyungsang of the persons. The study is made on the basis of 'Internal classic (內經)& and &Clinical Lectures by Dr. Jeesan&. The acupuncture originated from the treatment of spasm with numbness in the southern area. The acupuncture is basically a remedy for the exterior disease of meridian but also it can be a cure for the interior disease of Jang and obstinate disease with accurate method. Three mechanisms of acupuncture are described in 'Internal classic'. The first is to make meridian circulate smoothly. The second is to regulate Ki and Hyul. The third is to regulate points through which the meridian-Ki goes in and out smoothly or adversely. There are two ways of acupuncture in 'Internal classic'. One is based on pulse and symptom and the other on the Hyungsang. The former is more generally used therapy, to which depletion method, Asi point method(阿是穴 療法), Inyoung-kigu pulse comparison method (人迎氣口脈法) and method depending on jang-bu disease belong. Acupuncture is done on Su points(輸穴) and back-su point(背兪穴) in case of jang-disease. In case of bu-disease, the treatment is done on Hap points(合穴) and Mo-points(募穴). The latter includes two methods; one according to invariable Hyungsang. And the other to variable Hyungsang. The method of acupuncture according to invariable Hyungsang usually selects Won-points(原穴). Different Hyungsang requires different method of acupuncture; In case of Dam type, the acupuncture is mainly practiced on four-Kwan points with reinforcing and reducing methods achieved by the direction of the needle tip pointing to. In case of Bangkwang type, the acupuncture is usually done on Jungwan(中脘) and Poongyung(豊隆) with reinforcing and reducing methods by means of respiration. In case of female, more effective are the acupoints on the right and lateral parts of the body selected on the basis of five su-points of the twelve meridians matching the heavenly stems and earthly branches. In case of male, more effective are the acupoints on the left, front and rear parts of the eight extra meridians. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of five jang and six bu, each person's intrinsic Hyung, color, pulse, must be observed. Because symptoms of jang-bu disease also must be checked up. Acupuncture is done on the Won-points of the meridians related to the jang and bu where the disease starts. The disease of five jang is so obstinate that it requires both of medication and acupuncture for a long time. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of animal types, diagnosis is made on the basis of shape, temper, function and color. And the treatment is given on the Won-points of corresponding exterior and interior meridians. For the fish type, the acupuncture is done on the kidney meridian of foot-soyin and the urinary bladder of foot-taiyang. For the bird type, on the heart meridian of hand-soyin, the pericardium meridian of hand-gualyin, and the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang For the deer type, on the liver meridian of foot-gualyin and the gallbladder meridian of foot-soyang. For the turtle type, on the lung meridian of hand-taiyin and the large intestine meridian of hand-yangmyung.

• 복식
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• 제22권
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• pp.263-276
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• 1994

The achievement of notable social reoforms attained during the period of 19th and 20th centuries needlessly speaking remodelded the social environmental into several different patterns such as :1) high industrialization 2) propensity to consume 3) up graded overall social stands. Accordingly the industrial world of the but-tons too established the mess production syhstem by breaking from convention of hand-craft work of 17th century. The raw materials used in the production line on buttons during the 20th century are almost all-kind of materials one can possibly named including cheap plastic which enabled production lines to produce cheaper but higher productivities of the buttons being produced, The design (incused design) used in the 19-20h centuries are : men landscape, sports features, birds, livestocks, bugs, or geomatric features, tec, 1, The classification o f the buttons by materials Techniques shapes colors marking (Incused design) used in the productionof buttons in the England United States of America Laska Italy france Denmark Japan and India are categolizzed as : natural raw materials and syntetical resines. 1) Of the natural raw materials used are : Matal Enamel Iodine Agate, Coral, Green jade(Jasper) Granite, Wood, Ivory, Horn and bone etc. 2) The sythetical resin used in the button in-dustries are : Artificial jewell glass Acrylic material Styroform Celluloid and Nylon etc. 2. The thecnique quoted in producing buttons are hand craft work inlay work precision casting press mosic dye etching, processing, engraving and embossed carving etc. 3. The major designs used in the buttons in -dustries are : Round shape however elliptical column angular and edge shape often used. 4. The colors used are : The multi-colors were highly used than mono-colored materials such as : Adjoining Color and Contrast Color. The highest consideration to be considered in choosing the colors for the buttons are harmonization and matching factor with the garment or dresses to be wore. 5. The major design(incused design) on the buttons are embodiment and the design were also used in order of abstractive-combination abstractive with has offers much surprising. The button industries during the 19th and 20th centuries were not only the determination factors those can judge the value of self-pride of Nation and which were far beyond the in-dustrial arts in those days but also highly refelected and influenced by cultural sense ideology and self-pride of the Nation of those period. The followings are details of the role of the buttons categolized in the order of functional ornamental and symbolical aspects : 1. The functional role : The functional role of the buttons were simply designed for dress how-ever the buttons beyond from this role of function now a days. 2. The ornamental role : The ornamental role of he button beyond from this role of the button were effectuated by : 1) shape materials colors 2) technique locations size and design (incused design) 3) The ramaterials used for buttons shall not be over looked because it is highly depends on the taste sense and combination of harmony with the garment to be wore. 4) The color of the buttons are made well contrasted with the color of garments just as in the case of other artistical area such as matchs with the color of garment of contrast with brigtness of colors contrasted as complementary color and so and so. 5) The technique being adoped are: precision casting press handcraft inlay work etching mosic etc,. Since the buttons are no longer a simple catching devise used to fasten together the different part of the dress but now it has formed own and occupied the independent role in the garment or dresses location can be de-termined and varying depending on the ideas of designers. The size of the buttons has no specific limits, However the variation has widely dependined on the entire circumperence rhythm contrast harmonization of the garments. 3. The symbolical role : Since the button is no longer a just a simple devise for catching and fastening device used fastening together the different part of the garments but now were built a independent area as major part of the Garment and well reflected all kinds of occupations political background cultural as-pect etc. on the buttons. The design of buttons in the western circles are more simplified but they are polished looks and their techniques of manufacturing are comination of both machanis and handcraft. The colors used in the buttons are pretty well harmonized with garment(dress). Almost all kind of materials can be used in the but-tons however materials used in the buttons are : Bone of livestocks ivory, turtle shell are no longer used because the prevention of cruely of animal. On the contraly the level of buttons indus-try of Korea is far to reach and catch up with the level of western circles. It is highly suggested therefore the but-tons industrial field of Republic of Korea shall place and encouragement in producing beter industrial environment of the buttons based on the traditional and cultural aspect of republic of Korea to produce both manufacturing of qulified and best designed and colored buttons.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2013

본 연구는 탑골공원의 조성 논의가 시작된 1897년부터 공원 형태가 완성된 1916년까지 약 20년 동안 작성된 설계도면을 1차 사료로 활용하여 공간 구성요소의 변화를 통한 공원 성격의 형성과정을 분석했다. 이에 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1897년에서 1904년까지는 왕실 소유의 공원으로 탑골공원이 조성되는 시기이다. 고종의 근대 국가 건설을 위해서 1897년 조성 논의의 시작과 1899년 민가를 철거하여 거북이 모양의 공원 평면을 바탕으로 담장 남문 북문 조성하여 1902년 개원하였다. 1903년에는 이왕직 음악대의 연주 장소로 팔각정이 도입되었고, 연주에 부적합하다고 판단되어 1904년 호자식 음악당이 축조되었다. 이 시기는 일요일에만 개방되는 이왕직 소유의 공원이었다. 둘째, 1910년에서 1913년까지는 일반인에게 공개되어 이용이 활발해지는 시기이다. 주변 시설로 인해 경계부가 변형되었으며, 이용자를 배려한 휴양시설과 편익시설이 보완되었다. 1913년 8월에는 야간 개방이 이루어 졌는데, 이는 1910년대 일제에 의해서 도시풍 오락의 장소로 탑골공원이 이용되었기 때문이다. 셋째, 1914년에서 1916년까지 상업시설이 도입된 시기이다. 1914년 상업시설로 끽다점인 청목당이 들어섰으며, 주변에 연못과 등나무 그늘시렁이 조성되었다. 1916년 종로 야시의 시작으로 탑골공원 이용은 더욱 활발해졌으며, 휴양시설과 편익시설의 확충과 관리를 위한 경계울타리와 관리사무소가 설치되었다. 기존의 호자식 음악당이 철거되고 용산군주차사령부에서 가제보형 음악당이 이축되었다. 1916년에 이르러서야 비로소 1922년 개벽 에 등장하는 탑골공원의 이용 행태와 부합하는 공원형태가 완성되었다. 본 연구는 일제강점기에 작성된 공원 설계도면의 발굴이라는 사료적 가치, 기존 연구의 오류를 수정할 수 있는 근거 제시, 근대 조경공간에 사용된 공간 구성요소와 재료에 대한 탐구로써 의의를 지닌다.