• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2011

Teeth develop via a reciprocal induction between the ectomesenchyme originating from the neural crest and the ectodermal epithelium. During complete formation of the tooth morphology and structure, many cells proliferate, differentiate, and can be replaced with other structures. Apoptosis is a type of genetically-controlled cell death and a biological process arising at the cellular level during development. To determine if apoptosis is an effective mechanism for eliminating cells during tooth development, this process was examined in the rat mandible including the developing molar teeth using the transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick labeling (TUNEL) method. The tooth germ of the mandibular first molar in the postnatal rat showed a variety of morphological appearances from the bell stage to the crown stage. Strong TUNEL-positive reactivity was observed in the ameloblasts and cells of the stellate reticulum. Odontoblasts near the prospective cusp area also showed a TUNEL positive reaction and several cells in the dental papilla, which are the forming pulp, were also stained intensively in this assay. Our results thus show that apoptosis may take place not only in epithelial-derived dental organs but also in the mesenchyme-derived dental papilla. Hence, apoptosis may be an essential biological process in tooth development.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.688-703
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• 1997

The effect of glossopharyngeal nerve transection on the taste buds of the rat vallate papilla was examined by using the method of DNA nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and standard electron microscopic technique at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 days after denervation. In general, the number and size of taste buds decreased as more days passed after denervation. They started decreasing on day 3 post denervation and virtually all taste buds were disappeared on day 9 post denervation. In studies using TUNEL method, TUNEL postive cells markedly increased in their numbers one day post denervation, as compared with controls. The number of apoptotic taste bud cells per taste bud profile was averaged to be 0.64 and 0.44 for day 1 and 3 post denervation, respectively, whereas it was 0.10 in controls. In electron microscopy, apoptotic cells were identified by the presence of condensed and fragmentary nuclei in a cytoplasm, which resulted in increased density. In control rats, only few apoptotic cells were found. On days 1 and 3 post denervation, nerve fibers almost disappeared from the taste buds and some apoptotic cells were apparent. On days 7 and 9 post denervation, a few taste bud cells were still present in the epithelium of the bottom of the trench wall of the vallate papilla and most of them showed apoptotic changes. The results indicate that the death of taste bud cells in normal conditions is controlled by apoptosis and the decrease and disappearance of taste buds after denervation is also caused by apoptosis of taste bud cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2000

Objective: To verify the effect of Matrigel, a ECM complex from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma on the preimplantation development and apoptosis of mouse fertilized eggs. Method: Late pronucleus stage eggs were cultured through the blastocyst stage in the presence of Matrigel (0.5%, v/v). Characteristics of apoptosis and cell number assesed by Hoecst staining and TUNEL labeling at the blastocyst stage, respectively. Results: Morphological development, number of cells per embryo was significantly increased but rate and number of TUNEL positive nuclei of the embryo were decreased in the presence of Matrigel. Conclusion: This result suggested that at low concentration of Matrigel improves both viability and morphological development in the preimplantation mouse embryos.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2002

포유동물의 체외수정란 치적발달조건을 수립하기 위하여 난자의 성숙, 수정 및 배양시 형태학적인 관찰만으로는 불충분하여 각 세포내 구성물 및 핵상 등의 변화를 조사하여 개별 수정란의 품질평가를 통하여 수정란 발달 능력을 향상시키는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 최근 체외생산된 수정란이 발달율 및 착상율이 현저히 감소되는 원인을 조사한 결과 이러한 수정란에서 할구의 파편화가 보다 더 진행되는 것을 관찰하였다. 이에 본 실험의 목적은 체외수정과 핵치환 유래 소 배반포에서 세포사멸 기전으로 알려진 apoptosis 조절 유전자로써 Bcl-2와 Bax 유전자의 전사체 발현량을 비교 조사함으로써 착상전 수정란 발달과정에서의 역할을 확립하고자 하였다. Apoptosis의 분석은 TUNEL 방법으로 수행하였다 체외수정과 핵치환유래 배반포에서 Bcl-2와 Bax 유전자의 발현량은 RT-PCR로 확인하였다. 핵치환유래 배반포에 있어 TUNEL 표식으로 확인된 비율은 체외수정 된 배반포보다 유의하게 높다 (P<0.001). 체외수정된 배반포의 Bcl-2의 발현량은 핵치환유래 배반포보다 높다. 반대로 체외수정된 배반포의 Bax 발현량은 핵치환 유래 소 배반포보다 낮았다 (P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 체외수정보다 핵치환 유래 소의 배반포에서 좀더 많은 파편화를 초래함을 보여준다. 또한, 핵치환 유래 수정란의 발달 정지의 증가는 apoptosis와 같은 핵의 파편화로써 야기될 수 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.461-470
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• 2000

Objective : Many investigators have demonstrated the protective effects of hypothermia following traumatic brain injury(TBI) in both animals and humans. It has long been recognized that mild to moderate hypothermia improves neurologic outcomes as well as reduces histologic and biochemical sequelae after TBI. In this study, two immunohistochemical staining using terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated biotin dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL), staining of apoptosis, and ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein(${\beta}$-APP), a marker of axonal injury, were done and the authors evaluated the protective effects of hypothermia on axonal and neuronal injury after TBI in rats. Material and Method : The animals were prepared for the delivery of impact-acceleration brain injury as described by Marmarou and colleagues. TBI is achieved by allowing of a weight drop of 450gm, 1 m height to fall onto a metallic disc fixed on the intact skull of the rats. Fourty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 400 to 450g were subjected to experimental TBI induced by an impact-acceleration device. Twenty rats were subjected to hypothermia after injury, with their rectal temperatures maintained at $32^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. After this 1-hour period of hypothermia, rewarming to normothermic levels was accomplished over 30-minute period. Following 12 hours, 24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks later the animals were killed and semiserial sagittal sections of the brain were reacted for visualization of the apoptosis and ${\beta}$-APP. Results : The density of ${\beta}$-APP marked damaged axons within the corticospinal tract at the pontomedullary junction and apoptotic cells at the contused cerebral cortex were calculated for each animal. In comparison with the untreated controls, a significant reduction in ${\beta}$-APP marked damaged axonal density and apoptotic cells were found in all hypothermic animals(p<0.05). Conclusion : This study shows that the posttraumatic hypothermia result in substantial protection in TBI, at least in terms of the injured axons and neurons.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1485-1492
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• 2015

Makgeolli is a traditional wine in Korea and has been traditionally believed to exhibit health benefits. However, the inhibitory effect of dealcoholized makgeolli (MK) on cancer has never been investigated scientifically. In this study, MK exhibited an anti-angiogenic effect by inhibiting tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, without cytotoxicity. Treatment with MK reduced the proliferation of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased the sub-G1 population. Next, we evaluated whether MK could induce apoptosis in AGS cells by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay or Annexin V method. Treatment with MK at 500 and 1,000 μg/ml increased the number of TUNEL-positive AGS cells. Under the same conditions, MK-treated (500 and 1,000 μg/ml) cells showed significant induction of early or late apoptosis, compared with untreated cells (no induction). In addition, MK also induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression in AGS cells. However, p53 expression in AGS cells was not changed by MK treatment. Furthermore, MK at 500 mg/kg·d reduced the tumor size and volume in AGS tumor xenografts. Taken together, MK may be useful for the prevention of cancer cell growth.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Objectives : This study evaluates neuroprotective effect of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on apoptosis in the cerebral infarct. Methods : Cerebral infarct was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours with intraluminal thread method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Then ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma was administered orally for 3 days. Infarct area and volume were evaluated with TTC staining. Neuronal apoptosis was identified with TUNEL labeling. Apoptosis modulatory effect was observed with immunohistochemical Bax, Bcl-2, iNOS, and MMP-9 expressions in penumbra. Results : 1. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced infarct size partly and volume significantly of in the MCAO rat brain. 2. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced TUNEL positive cell ratio in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain significantly. 3. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma suppressed Bax, iNOS and MMP-9 expression in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain significantly. 4. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma did not change Bcl-2 expression in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain. But expression ratio of Bcl-2 against Bax was increased in the Gastrodiae Rhizoma group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Gastrodiae Rhizoma plays an anti-apoptotic neuroprotective effect through suppression of Bax, iNOS, and MMP-9 expressions and relative up-regulation of Bcl-2 in the ischemic brain tissue.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.358-366
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the application of bovine amniotic membrane for canine corneal ulcer and to compare bovine amniotic membrane flap to nictitating membrane flap. Corneas were treated with 8.0mm trephine and 100% ethanol was applied and corneal epithelium was removed. This experiment was divided into three groups; control group, nictitating membrane flap group and amniotic membrane + nictitating membrane flap group. To compare corneal healing, fluorescein dye test, histopathological examination and TUNEL assay were performed. The healing size of the corneal epithelium in was largest among groups and it was significantly different with the other groups (P<0.05). Also, inflammatory cell deposits and keratocyte apoptosis in amniotic membrane flap group were smallest, but the width of the corneal epithelium was thickest among groups. Therefore, we tentatively predicted that the amniotic membrane flap would be an alternative effective method for the treatment of superficial canine corneal ulcer.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 1997

Recent studies have demonstrated that apoptotic cell death plays an important role in the mechanism underlying follicular atresia and luteolysis. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating these processes have not been elucidated. In in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs, it is highly possible that continuous and repeated administration of FSH/hMG and GnRH agonists for the usage of ovarian hyperstimulation may induce apoptotic death of granulosa cells leading to atresia in the human ovarian follicles. The present study was performed to investigate whether FSH/hMG and GnRh agonists used for a longer period in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation has any effect on the apoptosis of granulosa-luteal (GL) cells obtained from hyperstimulated ovaries. To examine apoptotic cell death in the GL cells, cells were stained with acridie orange followed by observed in some of GL cells. Similar but distinct staining of apoptotic GL cells was observed when the cells were examined by using in situ TUNEL method. The healthy-looking cells with normal nuclear morphology were not stained, whereas cells with pyknotic nuclei or with apoptotic nuclei were intensively stained. After examining the ultrastructural features of GL cells by TEM, it was confirmed that the majority of cells seemed to have normal nuclei while GL cells undergoing apoptotic cel death were rarely found. The DNA extracted from GL cells showed a typical pattern of fragmentation following DNA electrophoretic analysis. We have confirmed that the apoptosis occurs in granulosa-luteal cells obtained from hyperstimulated ovaries. Technically, in situ apoptosis detection method is simple and reproducible and is well suited to identify the quality of oocytes retrieved from hyperstimulated ovaries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.136-147
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• 2002

연구배경 : 간질성 폐질환은 병리소견, 임상경과 및 치료에 대한 반응에 있어서 다양한 양상을 보이지만 궁극적으로는 폐섬유화로 진행한다. 최근 간질성 폐질환의 병태생리에 있어서 폐상피세포의 아포프토시스가 폐섬유화로의 진행에 관여한다는 것이 보고되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 간질성 폐질환 환자에서 아포프토시스가 갖는 임상 및 병리학적 의미를 확인하기 위하여 TUNEL을 이용한 아포프토시스의 지수와 임상양상, 병리소견, HRCT소견, 그리고 치료반응 등과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 방 법 : 개흉폐생검을 통해서 확진된 간질성 폐질환 환자 20명을 대상으로 하였다. 아포프토시스의 지수는 TUNEL 양성세포의 분율에 따라서 0-2로 구분하였다. 임상양상은 CRP 점수체계를 응용하여 이용하였다. 병리소견은 섬유화, 세포충실도, 탈락화, 육아조직성 정도에 따라 점수화하였다. HRCT소견은 간유리음영과 봉와양음영을 각 엽별로 침범한 정도에 따라서 점수화하였다. 치료의 반응은 치료전과 치료후 3개월째에 시행한 CRP 점수체계의 변화율이 10%이상 증가하였을 때 치료효과가 있는 것으로 판정하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환자는 20명(남 14명, 여 6명)으로 조직학적 아형으로는 AIP 3명, NIP 2 명, BOOP 8명, UIP 7 명이었다. 아포프토시스 지수와 CRP 점수체계의 요소들과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었으며 또한 HRCT소견인 간유리음영점수와 섬유화점수는 역시 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 조직학적소견에서는 섬유화 점수, 세포충실도 점수, 그리고 탈락화 점수에서 아포프토시스 지수와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 부신피질호르몬 치료를 받은 16명의 환자중에서 9명 (56.3%)에서 치료효과가 있었는데 부신 피질호르몬 치료효과 유무와 아포프토시스 지수사이에는 상관관계는 없었다. 급, 아급성 간질성폐렴에서는 세포충실도 점수와 탈락화 점수가 아포프토시스 지수와 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며 만성 간질성 폐렴에서는 섬유화 점수와 세포충실도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론 : 간질성 폐질환에서 아포프토시스 지수와 병리학적 지표들과의 유의한 상관관계를 관찰한 본 연구를 통하여 간질성 폐질환의 병태생리에 아포프토시스가 관여한다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.