• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2015

Using the Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) cultivar 'Chun-goang' as a host and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a pathogen, we studied the effects of ambient temperature ($13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$) on disease intensity and the speed of systemic infection. The optimal temperature for symptom expression of TuMV was $18-28^{\circ}C$. However, symptoms of viral infection were initiated at $23-28^{\circ}C$ and 6 days post infection (dpi). Plants maintained at $33^{\circ}C$ were systemically infected as early as 6 dpi and remained symptomless until 12 or 22 dpi, depending on growth stage at the time of inoculation. It took 45 days for infection of plants grown at $13^{\circ}C$. Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) results showed that the accumulation of virus coat protein was greater in plants grown at $23-28^{\circ}C$. The speed of systemic infection increased linearly with rising ambient temperature, up to $23^{\circ}C$. The zero-infection temperature was $10.1^{\circ}C$. To study the effects of abruptly elevated temperatures on systemic infection, plants inoculated with TuMV were maintained at $10^{\circ}C$ for 20 d; transferred to a growth chamber at temperatures of $13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, or $33^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, or 3 d; and then moved back to $10^{\circ}C$. The numbers of plants infected increased as duration of exposure to higher temperatures and dpi increased.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.886-895
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 동영상의 압축 과정에서 발생하는 규칙성을 이용하여 동영상의 조작 여부를 검출하는 기법에 대해 소개한다. 제안방식은 동영상의 이중 압축과 일부 영상의 조작에 의해 잃어버린 계층적 규칙성을 이용한다. 이러한 불규칙성을 추출하기 위해 HEVC의 기본 단위인 CU와 TU의 분할정보를 이용한다. 성능 향상을 위해 지역적인 정보를 활용하여 CU와 TU의 분할 지도를 제작한 뒤, GoP 단위로 묶어 입력 데이터를 제작한다. 효과적인 분류를 위하여 3차원 합성곱 신경망을 이용하여 동영상의 이중 압축 및 조작 여부를 판단한다. 실험 결과, 기존의 기계학습 알고리즘을 이용한 연구 결과에 비해 더욱 효과적으로 동영상의 조작 여부를 판단함을 확인하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-77
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• 2020

The code static eccentricity model for elastic torsional design of structures has two critical shortcomings: (1) the negation of the inertial torsional moment at the center of mass (CM), particularly for torsionally-unbalanced (TU) building structures, and (2) the confusion caused by the discrepancy in the definition of the design eccentricity in codes and the resistance eccentricity commonly used by engineers such as in FEMA454. To overcome these shortcomings, using the resistance eccentricity model that can accommodate the inertial torsional moment at the CM, interactive relations between shear and torsion are proposed as follows: (1) elastic responses of structures at instants of peak edge-frame drifts are given as functions of resistance eccentricity, and (2) elastic hysteretic relationships between shear and torsion in forces and deformations are bounded by ellipsoids constructed using two adjacent dominant modes. Comparison of demands estimated using these two interactive relations with those from shake-table tests of two TU building structures (a 1:5-scale five-story reinforced concrete (RC) building model and a 1:12-scale 17-story RC building model) under the service level earthquake (SLE) show that these relations match experimental results of models reasonably well. Concepts proposed in this study enable engineers to not only visualize the overall picture of torsional behavior including the relationship between shear and torsion with the range of forces and deformations, but also pinpoint easily the information about critical responses of structures such as the maximum edge-frame drifts and the corresponding shear force and torsion moment with the eccentricity.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.271-277
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• 1995

The RNA nucleotide sequences of the 3/-noncoding regions (3'-NCRs) of two Korean strains of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Ca and cqs, have been determined from their cDNA clones that encompassed the 3'-terminal regions of the viral genomic RNAs. The 3'-NCRs of both strains were 209 nucleotides long, terminated with GAC residues and poly (A) tails. The potential polyadenylational signal motif, UAUGU, was located 140 nucleotides upstream from the poly (A) tail in each of the virus. A highly conserved hexanucleotide sequence [A G U G A/U G/C], which was common in the 3'-NCRs of the potyvirus RNAs, was also found at the regions of 119 bases upstream from the 3'-end. Comparison of the 3'-NCRs of the two Korean isolates with those of four strains from Canada, China and Japan showed significantly identical genotypes (94.3∼99.5%). The secondary structure of three loops with long stems was found within the 3'-NCRs by sequence analysis. The substituted bases in the region among the six TuMV strains did not alter their secondary structures. Length of the 3'-NCRs of the know 11 potyviral RNAs and TuMV RNAs was different from one another and their nucleotide sequences showed 55.7% to 24.0% of homology. The 3'-NCR, therefore, is considered to be useful for phylogenetic studies in potyviruses.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 1995

The cDNAs derived from the coat protein (CP) genes of six plant RNA viruses, tobacco mosaic virus-pepper strains (TMV-P) and -ordinary strain (TMV-OM), potato virus Y (PVY), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV), were subcloned into the transcription vector, pSPT18, containing SP6 and T7 promoters. The digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled RNA polymerase after linearlization of the cloned pSPTs with XbaI or SacI, and were tested for their sensitivities for the detection of the six viruses. In slot-blot hybridization, dilution end points for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM were 10-4, while those of PVY, TuMV and CMV were 10-3. PLRV was detected at the dilution of 10-2. When each RNA probe was applied for the detection of the viruses in the preparations from the leaf disks (8 mm in diameter, and 12 to 15 mg in weight) of infected natural host plants, TMV-P, TMV-OM and TuMV could be detected from one disk, while PVY from 1 or 2 disks. CMV was detected in the preparation from two disks, and PLRV from three disks. With DIG-labeled RNA probe, PVY was detected at 5 days after inoculation, but with ELISA the virus was detected at 8 days after inoculation to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants on which symptoms appeared at 9 days after inoculation. No difference was observed in cross reaction between the RNA probes for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.206-212
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• 1999

The gene orf7(oxi III) was expressed using an E. coli system in anticipation that it would encode dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase which is involved in the biosynthesis of the olivose moiety of chlorothricin produced from Streptomyces antibioticus Tu99. The solubility of the expressed protein increased up to 20% under optimal induction conditions. The expressed protein was purified from the E. coli BL 21(DE3) cell lysate by a 28.5-fold purification in two chromatography steps with a 38% recovery to near homogeneity. The molecular weight and N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein correlated with the predicted mass and sequence deduced from the orf7 gene. The purified protein was a homodimer with a subunit relative molecular weight of 38,000 Dalton. The expressed protein was found to exhibit dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase activity and be highly specific for dTDP-glucose as a substrate. The values of K'm and V'max for dTDP-glucose were 28 $\mu$M and 295 nmol $min^{-1} (mg protein)^{-1}$, respectively. dTTP and dTDP were strong inhibitors of this enzyme.$NAD^+$, the coenzyme for dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, was tightly bound to the expressed protein.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1269-1275
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• 2014

Ecotoxicity assessments with the physiochemical water quality items and the bioassay test using Daphnia magna were conducted for 18 selected effluents of 6 industrial types (metal processing, petroleum refining, synthetic textile manufacturing, plating, alcohol beverage manufacturing, inorganic compound manufacturing) being detected toxicity from industrial effluent in Ulsan city, and the interrelationship between total toxic unit (${\Sigma}TU$) and concentrations of Water Quality Conservation Act in Korea were investigated. The average toxic unit(TU) of effluents for 6 industrial types displayed the following ascending order: petroleum refining (0.2) < synthetic textile manufacturing (0.6) < alcohol beverage manufacturing (0.9) < metal processing (1.3) ${\leq}$ inorganic compound manufacturing (1.3) < plating (3.0). These values were less than effluent permission standard. Based on the result of substances causing ecotoxicity, the correlation analysis was not easy because most of heavy metals were not detected or were less than effluent permission standard. Toxicological assessment of industrial effluent was suitable for the evaluation of the mixture toxicity for pollutant. The whole effluent toxicity test using a variety of species was needed for the evaluation of industrial wastewater.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.945-948
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• 2006

Chloride penetration into concrete is a hot issue of concern all over the world, notwithstanding, very few attempts have been conducted to explore the effect of cracks on choride penetration. Cracks provoke to lose a main function of watertightness of concrete and lead to reduce the service life of concrete. For this reason, it is necessary to define a critical crack width to prevent a quick chloride penetration through crack. In this study, experiment is focused on establishing a critical crack width in terms of chloride penetration. Concrete specimens with different crack widths I crack lengths have been subjected to rapid chloride migration testing. In a side of analytical solution, a simple approach to quantify the chloride diffusion coefficient of only crack zone excluding sound concrete was proposed. The result clearly showed a critical crack width of 0.03 mm. Based on the experimental results, a phenomenological model was proposed to explain the meaning of critical crack width in practical engineering. In this model, cracked concrete zone was divided into three zones. These zones corresponded to a wide crack, a zone with micro-cracks and an uncracked zone.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.383-418
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to find out how the Chinese Bronze Epigraphy has developed and how it has influenced the Chinese Academic field. The Chinese Bronze Epigraphy started from the Han dynasty, however it didn't reach the professional academic stage. After the Song Dynasty it started to be studied in full scale. Therefore, it is reasonable to see that the start of the study of bronze was from the Song dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the study in Epigraphy was extended on again. ShuoWenJieZi that was written by XuShen in the Han Dynasty. KaoGuTuShiWen that was written by $L{\check{u}}DaLin$ in the Song Dynasty. ShuoWenGuZhouBu that was written by WuDaCheng in the Qing Dynasty. JinWenBian that was written by RongGeng in the Republican era. This thesis examines the contents of ShuoWenGuZhouBu and JinWenBian and then synthetically compares and analyzes them. The conclusion of this study is as follows. It cannot be denied that ShuoWenJieZi and KaoGuTuShiWen significantly affected the birth of ShuoWenGuZhouBu and JinWenBian.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2013년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.1532-1535
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• 2013

변환 블록은 영상 압축에서 데이터를 공간적 영역에서 주파수 영역으로 변환해줌으로써 압축의 효율성을 높이는 역할을 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 고성능 HEVC를 위한 4개의 TU 모드($4{\times}4$, $8{\times}8$, $16{\times}16$, $32{\times}32$)를 지원하는 변환 블록 하드웨어 구조를 제안한다. 제안하는 변환 블록의 하드웨어 구조는 공통 연산기를 사용하여 각 TU 모드에 맞는 행렬 계수들 간의 연산을 수행한다. 또한 병렬적인 구조로 설계하여 $4{\times}4$, $8{\times}8$, $16{\times}16$, $32{\times}32$ 크기 TU 모드의 행렬 연산을 처리하는 사이클수가 35cycle로 동일하게 처리된다. TSMC 180nm CMOS 공정 라이브러리를 통해 합성한 결과 $4k(3840{\times}2160)@30Hz$의 영상을 기준으로 최대 동작주파수는 400MHz이고 총 게이트 수는 159k이며, 10-Gpels/cycle의 처리량을 갖는다.