• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2008

Stomach cancer shows the highest incidence among cancer patients in Korea and it deteriorates the patients' health-related quality of life considerably. This study measured utility weights of severe stomach cancer symptoms using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), TTO (Time-trade Off) and EQ-5D (EuroQol-5 Dimension) methods. A survey questionnaire was developed to describe the symptoms of severe stomach cancer comprehensively and concisely using VAS, TTO and EQ-5D. A face-to-face interview was conducted for 21 cancer inpatients in a hospital and 25 non-patients. The mean utility weight is 0.498 for VAS, 0.375 for EQ-5D and 0.300 for TTO. Using VAS or TTO methods, there were no statistically significant differences between patients and non-patients while there was significant difference in EQ-5D. The utility weight with VAS and EQ-5D has shown similar trend - higher score in patient group, male and aged while it has opposite trend with TTO.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.1071-1081
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• 2020

Essential oils (EOs) have been shown to be plant-extracted antimicrobial agents. However, there are limited studies investigating the efficacy of EOs against pathogens. Among them, tea tree oil (TTO) is extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia, which is also used as an antifungal agent. In this study, the effect of TTO was investigated on the suppression of melon powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii and tomato leaf mold disease caused by Passalora fulva. Both powdery mildew and leaf mold diseases were significantly suppressed by a spray of TTO. Eighty percent of powdery mildew and 81% of leaf mold disease of the control value were suppressed by 0.5% TTO liquid, when sprayed 3 times every 7 days on the melon and tomato leaves. Inhibition of mycelial growth was also greatly affected by different concentrations of TTO against four different fungal pathogens. Ninety-eight percent of Pseudocercospora fuligena, 97% of P. fulva, 95% of Botrytis cinerea, and 94% of Phytophthora infestans mycelial growth were inhibited by 0.2% to 1.0% of TTO contained in plate media, respectively. However, phytotoxicity in plants by the TTO treatments was revealed when melon and tomato leaves were sprayed with a 1% and 2% concentration of TTO, respectively. Therefore, our findings show that TTO has high antifungal effects against various plant pathogens that occur during crop cultivation. We also suggest that when applying TTO to plant leaves, it is necessary to establish an accurate treatment concentration for different crops.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.913-918
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• 2014

Five mol % tungsten-doped tin oxide ($W_{0.05}Sn_{0.95}O_2$, TTO5) was prepared by co-precipitation of $SnCl_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ and $WCl_4$, followed by calcination at $1000^{\circ}C$. The as-prepared TTO5 was in the pure cassiterite phase with a particle size of ~50 nm and optical bandgap of 2.51 eV. Herein it was applied for the formation of TTO5/$TiO_2$ heterojunctions by covering the TTO5 surface with $TiO_2$ by sol-gel method. Under visible-light irradiation (${\lambda}{\geq}420$ nm), TTO5/$TiO_2$ showed a significantly high photocatalytic activity in removing gaseous 2-propanol (IP) and evolving $CO_2$. It is deduced that its high visible-light activity is caused by inter-semiconductor holetransfer between the valence band (VB) of TTO5 and $TiO_2$, since the TTO5 nanoparticle (NP) exhibits the absorption edge at ~450 nm and its VB level is located more positive side than that of $TiO_2$. The evidence for the hole-transport mechanism between TTO5 and $TiO_2$ was also investigated by monitoring the holescavenging reaction with 1,4-terephthalic acid (TA).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to elicit quality weights for 42 EQ-5D health states with the time trade-off (TTO) method from the general population of South Korea. Methods : We selected the same EQ-5D health states as those in the UK MVH study. The Korean version of EQ-5D questionnaire and TTO method were used for the valuation process. We interviewed 500 people as a representative sample of the general population in Seoul and Gyeonggido. The result was compared with those from UK, Japan, and USA by Spearman's rank correlation and t-test. Results : TTO values for 42 EQ-5D health states and 'unconscious' state were obtained from the general South Korean population. The best one was '11112' state and the worst one was 'unconscious' state. The states worse than death were '33323', '33333', and 'unconscious' states, which had negative TTO values. There was a strong correlation between TTO values of the EQ-5D health states and those of their corresponding states from UK, Japan, and USA (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.885, 0.882, and 0.944, respectively, p <0.001). However, absolute TTO values of most EQ-5D health states were significantly different from those of their corresponding states in other foreign studies (UK : 41/42, USA : 32/42, Japan : 15/17). Conclusions : We found that the Korean general population TTO values for EQ-5D health states were different from those of other foreign studies, suggesting that a specific Korean valuation set should be developed and used for economic evaluation studies in South Korea.

• Language and Information
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2007

This paper examines tasi and tto, two Korean adverbs with roughly the same semantic value of again. It presents two empirical generalizations: (i) semantically tasi can mark the recovery of the original state, modifying an eventuality that is token-identical to a contextually-given eventuality, whereas tto is only limited to mark a simple repetition, thus modifying a type-identical event; (ii) functionally tasi can modify result states, but tto cannot. Then, it illustrates how the functional difference of result state modification can be accounted for by the notion of default events.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.6 s.109
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• pp.807-814
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• 2006

Along with the enlargement of application scope, the growth of requirements complexity, and the fast development of product for embedded system, lots of industries developing embedded software try to evolve their traditional development environment into the new paradigm such as product line engineering approach. In order to sufficiently support the evolution, software architecture is essentially required to develop the embedded software. In this paper, we propose a tool, named TToSA which translates the conventional software models to software architecture models. Our TToSA is developed with the critical implication about that an industry can approach toward the new development paradigm without the big change of the existing software development method.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine anti-thrombotic effect of traditional herbal extracts in a rat model of ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$)-induced carotid arterial thrombosis. Methods : Thirty minutes prior to a 35% $FeCl_3$ application, Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were injected with the 10 types of traditional herbal extracts (100mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), respectively. The effect of these herbal extracts was examined for time to occlusion(TTO) using the Laser doppler flow meter and measured for thrombus weight (TW) in $FeCl_3$-induced thrombosis model. Results : In the TTO, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Sm, $2.30{\pm}0.28$ min, p<0.001) and Santalum album (Sa, $2.19{\pm}0.19$ min, p<0.001) showed significantly delayed TTO more than twice compared with Saline-treated group. Cnidium officinale (Co), Psoralea corylifolia (Pc), Scutellatia baicalensis (Sba), Panax notoginseng (Pn), Angelica tenuissima (At), Scrophularia buergeriana (Sbu), Rhus verniciflua (Rv) and Picrasma quassioides (Pq), except for Rhus verniciflua (Rv) also meaningfully impeded TTO more than one fold. In addition, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Santalum album, Cnidium officinale, Psoralea corylifolia and Scutellatia baicalensis significantly reduced TW more than 10% compared with Saline-treated group. Especially, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Santalum album showed the most excellent anti-thrombotic effect among the 10 herbal extracts tested on the restoration of altered TTO and TW. Conclusions : These results suggest that Sm and Sa extracts have outstanding anti-thrombotic effect in $FeCl_3$-induced thrombosis model and is potentially useful as herbal medicines for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.293
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• pp.90-93
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• 2017

과자, 시리얼 등의 생산라인에서는 수많은 종류의 패키지를 사용한다. 같은 생산라인에서도 제품의 맛, 양, 컬러, 국가 및 언어별로 각기 다른 패키지를 사용하는 경우가 많다. 다종다양한 패키지를 수만 장씩 관리하다 보면 비용이 많이 발생하고 오류도 많이 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방법 중 하나로 열전사 프린터(Thermal Transfer Overprint, 이하 TTO)가 있다. TTO는 조업 중단, 리본 교체 및 장비 교체 비용을 최소화하는 동시에 연포장재와 라벨에 고해상도 이미지를 인쇄할 수 있다. 또한 핫프린터, 핫스탬프 장비의 대체장비인 열전사프린터는 인쇄오류가 거의 없으며 고품질의 마킹을 제공할 수 있다. Videojet Technologies의 드류 웨이트만(Drew Weightman) 열전사 프린터 글로벌 비즈니스 매니저와 연포장에 있어서 TTO가 어떠한 역할을 할 수 있는지에 관해 이야기해봤다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

Twelve dogs weighing less than 10 kg underwent unilateral TTO to stabilize the stifle joint with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Surgical findings, intra-operative and post-operative complications were recorded. Radiographic examinations were performed for 8 weeks following surgery. Postoperative outcome was evaluated using a visual analogue lameness scoring system. Mean preoperative PTA (the angle created by the intersection of the tibial plateau extrapolation line and the patellar tendon) was 103.8 degrees. Mean tibial wedge angle was 16.6 degrees. Mean postoperative PTA was 92.1 degrees. Intraoperatively, fracture through the caudal tibial cortex occurred in all dogs, through the distal tibial crest cortex in 2 dogs, through the lateral tibial cortex in 2 dogs and through the fibula in 1 dog. Four-week postoperative radiographs demonstrated evidence of progressive bone union at osteotomy site and complete unions were identified at 8 week in 10 dogs. All dogs were healed in 11 weeks. Most of dogs revealed weak lameness in 4 weeks and normal ambulation in 8 weeks postoperatively except for only one dog returned in 11 weeks. Despite frequent minor complication, it appears that the TTO is an alternative procedure for management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small breed dogs.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

Objectives: To measure the quality of life in patients according to virtual cerebral palsy severity by using the Korean version of EQ-5D-Y proxy, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Time Trade-Off method (TTO). Methods: The study was conducted in parents of children and adolescents aged 4 to 15 years in Seoul. We analyzed the difference in the utility value according to five levels of cerebral palsy severity in the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and test-retest reliability. Results: 1. There were significant differences in VAS, TTO, and EQ-5D-Y proxy according to the cerebral palsy severity (p<.001). 2. VAS was significantly different according to the respondent's visit to the medical institution, the presence of disease in the respondent, a visit to the child's medical institution, the age of the child, and the sex of the child. The value of TTO was significantly different according to the respondent's visit to the medical institution, respondent's sex, and the age of the child. Also, EQ-5D-Y proxy was significantly different according to the age of the child. 3. Intraclass correlation coefficient values were more than 0.6 for both VAS and TTO at all stages. But for the EQ-5D-Y proxy, the value was less than 0.6 at all stages. Conclusions: The quality of life assessment using EQ-5D-Y proxy showed significant differences in the severity of cerebral palsy. However, large-scale studies using EQ-5D-Y proxy are needed because of low test-retest reliability.