• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.279-293
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• 1995

강우시 유출되는 비점원오염물질의 유출특성을 조사하고, 수영만에 있어서 하천오염물질이 만내로 유입되어 미치는 영향을 4가지 경우인 점원오염부하가 미치는 영향(Case 1), 연간 비점원오염부하가 미치는 영향(Case 2), 우기시 오염부하가 미치는 영향(Case 3)과 실측강우 조사기간동안 비점원오염부하가 미치는 영향(Case 4)으로 나누어 예측 및 평가하였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 비점원오염물질의 특성을 보면 강우시 하천의 수질변동은 강우강도와 유량의 증감과 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 증감한다 COD, TSS와 VSS의 경우는 2차 강우 후 유량이 최대인 $65.736m^3/s$가 될 때 오염물질의 최대치가 나타났는데 최대치는 각각 121.4mg/l, 1148.0mg/l와 262.0mg/l를 보여주었다. 그리고 영양염류인 경우는 1차 강우가 시작되어 유량이 1차 최대치인 $4.686m^3/s$로 증가할 패 최대치를 보여주는데 $TIN,\;NH_4\;^+-\;N,\;NO_2\;^--N$과 $PO_4\;^{3-}-P)$는 각각 20.306mg/l, 14.154mg/l, 9.571mg/l와 1.785mg/l를 나타내며 2차 강우가 시작된 후 약간 증가하다가 감소하였다. 해수유동모델에 의한 결과를 보면 만내 유향은 낙조시에 시계방향으로 창조시에 반시계방향으로 북동-남서방향이다. 만내 조류속은 최대 0.3m/s이고 만외 유속은 0.4m/s 정도이며 계산치는 관측치와 매우 유사하게 재현되고 있다. 확산모델의 보정은 점원오염부하량이 만내에 미치는 영향을 수영만내 관측치를 이용해 반복 시뮬레이션하여 보정하였고 보정결과 COD, SS의 계산 결과는 관측치와 잘 일치하였다. 확산모델의 적용결과 수영강의 오염부하는 낙조시에는 해운대 해수욕장으로 창조시는 광안리 해수욕장으로 수질을 악화시켰다. 비점원오염부하가 만내에 미치는 영향을 재현시킨 결과 연간 강우로 인한 비점원오염부하(Case 2)와 우기시 강우로 인한 오염부하(Case 3)가 미치는 영향은 점원오염부하(Case 1)가 만내 수질이 미치는 영향과 비교해 광안리 해수욕장의 오염부하를 약간 증가시키며 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 강우 조사시 비점원오염부하가 미치는 영향(Case 4)은 수영만내에 매우 심각한 오염현상을 보여준다. 낙조시에는 COD와 SS의 만내의 농도 분포는 각각 2.0-30.0mg/l와 7.0-200.0mg/l를 보여준다. 낙조시에는 창조시보다 낮은 오염정도를 나타내나 해운대 해수욕장으로는 높은 오염을 가중시키는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그러나 강우가 멈춘 후 24시간이 경과하여 실측한 수영만의 오염분포를 보면 건기시 해역농도에 비해 약간 높은 농도분포를 보여 주는 것으로 보아 입자가 큰 침강성 고형물질의 빠른 침강과 수영만내 해수유동으로 인해 빠르게 확산되어 농도가 감소되는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 강우가 시작한 후 매우 높은 오염물질을 함유하는 강우유출수가 만내로 유입될 때의 충격부하는 수영만의 해양생태계에 심각한 영향을 미치리라 예상되며 만약 이들 강우유출수를 처리하여 만내로 유출시키면 만내 수질은 개선되리라 사료된다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1051-1054
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• 1993

The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.543-552
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• 1995

카드뮴이 BALC/c 마우스의 세포성면역능에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 여러 농도의 카드뮴이 첨가된 음료를 장기간 동안 자유급식하고, 비장내 T helper 및 T suppressor cell의 분포도, 복강대식세포의 탐식능 및 시험관내에서 Con-A 및 LPS에 대한 비장세포의 증식능을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 각군의 6주간 체중 증가율은 대조군이 27.0%이었으며, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군의 체중증가율은 각각 28.54%, 28.31%, 20.49% 및 18.04%로 나타났다. 2. 체중당 비장무게(mg/g)는 대조군이 $4.34{\pm}0.23$이었으며, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군은 각각 $4.20{\pm}0.54$, $4.80{\pm}0.87$, $4.25{\pm}0.32$ 및 $4.40{\pm}0.32$이었다. 또한 총비장세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군($24.29{\pm}5.98$)에 비해 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군에서 각각 14.1%, 35.7%, 16.6% 및 22.0%증가하였다. 3. 총 $CD_4{^+}$ 세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군이 $9.15{\pm}2.24$, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군은 각각 $10.40{\pm}2.04$, $12.04{\pm}3.08$, $10.20{\pm}3.16$ 및 $10.80{\pm}1.48$ 이었으며, 총 $CD_8{^+}$ 세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군이 $2.32{\pm}0.56$, 각 실험군의 총세포수는 $2.54{\pm}0.27$, $3.12{\pm}0.80$, $2.25{\pm}0.70$ 및 $2.24{\pm}0.28$ 이었다. 한편, $CD_4{^+}/CD_8{^+}$ 비율은 50ppm 투여군($3.88{\pm}0.01$)을 제외하고 모든 실험군에서 대조군($3.97{\pm}0.02$)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.001). 4. 카드뮴 처리군의 SRBC에 대한 복강대식세포의 탐식능은 25 및 50ppm 투여군에서는 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05 및 p<0.01), 100 및 200ppm 투여군에서는 대조군과 유사하였다. 5. 시험관에서의 Con-A 및 LPS에 대한 비장림프구 증식반응은 LPS의 경우 카드뮴 농도에 비례하여 억제되었으나 Con-A에 대한 증식반응은 저농도($10^{-7}-10^{-6}M$)에서 증가된 양상을 보였다. 6. $CdCl_2$에 대한 비장세포의 세독독성은 $10^{-4}M$에서 특히 높았다. 이상의 결과는 카드뮴이 세포성면역반응에서 중요한 역할을 하는 T세포 아군의 분포도를 변화시키므로써 면역반응에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2003

본 연구는 6종류의 완전배합발효사료(Total mixed fermentation feed; TMFF)의 착유우에 대한 영양적 가치를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 옥수수, 혼합목초, 호맥, 유채, 알팔파 및 연맥의 6종의 사료작물 청예가 수확되었고, 볏짚과 밀기울이 배합되었으며, 옥수수와 콩알곡을 배합하였다. 그리고 각각의 배합물들은 40톤 규모의 트렌치 사일로에 진압 저장하였으며, 성분분석과 젖소 급여시험을 위해 최소 60일 이상 경과 후에 개봉하였다. TMFF의 평균 건물 함량은 23.98${\sim}$28.42% 범위였으며, 조단백질 함량은 16.2${\sim}$19.2%이었고, 가소화영양소총량(TDN)은 58.3${\sim}$65.1% 수준이었다. ADF 함량은 34.4${\sim}$39.6% 범위에서, NDF 함량은 46.9${\sim}$49.9% 범위를 나타내어 상대적사료가치(RFV)는 유채-, 알팔파-, 혼합목초-, 연맥-, 옥수수-. 호맥-TMFF에서 각각 138.6, 133.9, 116.5, 111.8, 111.4, 108.1으로 나타나, 호맥-TMFF의 것이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타내었다(P<0.05). 건물손실율은 0.8${\sim}$1.9% 범위로서 모든 TMFF에서 양호한 발효와 보관상태를 나타내었으며, pH는 전체적으로 3.89${\sim}$4.87이었으며, 암모니아태질소($NH_3$-N) 함량은 6.93-8.66 mg/㎗이었다. 그리고 TMFF 원물내의 휘발성지방산 함량 중 초산 함량은 0.19${\sim}$0.57% 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, 젖산 함량은 1.17${\sim}$3.21%으로 매우 높게 나타내었으며, 부틸산 함량은 0.03${\sim}$0.32%로서 매우 낮게 나타나 TMFF의 품질이 양호한 것으로 나타내었다. 그리고 발효가 완료된 TMFF를 평균 착유일수 240일, 2.4산차, 44.3개월령, 일일산유량 21.2 kg, 체중 574.6 kg, 체충실지수(BCS) 3.2인 42두에 무제한으로 급여하여 총 60일간의 섭취량 조사와 월별 체중 및 BCS를 조사한 결과, 초종별 TMFF의 평균 일일 총 섭취량은 알팔파-, 혼합목초-, 유채-, 옥수수-, 연맥-, 호맥-TMFF구에서 62.85, 60.48, 58.04, 57.11, 54.61, 45.74 kg의 순서로 각각 높게 나타내어 전체적으로 기호성이 우수한 것으로 나타내었으며, 호맥-TMFF구의 기호성이 가장 낮게 나타내었다(P<0.05). 이때 젖소의 체중에 대한 TMFF의 건물섭취율은 1.95${\sim}$2.90%로서 모든 TMFF의 기호성이 매우 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다. TMFF의 급여시험기간 중의 체중변화와 체충실지수(BCS)에 있어서 시험기간 60일 동안 모든 공시축에서 체중증가가 있었으며, 기간의 평균 두당 일당증체량은 140.0${\sim}$326.7g으로서 기호성이 가장 좋았던 알팔파-TMFF구에서 역시 가장 높은 증체를 보였으며, 기호성이 가장 낮았던 호맥-TMFF구에서 가장 낮은 증체를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 신체충실지수의 변화에 있어서는 혼합목초-TMFF구가 개시시의 3.07에서 3.34로 가장 크게 증가하였고, 호맥-TMFF구에서 3.34에서 3.30으로 약간 감소하여 나타냄으로서 증체량과 신체충실지수와는 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 일치하지는 않은 것으로 나타내었다(P<0.05). 그리고 평균 두당 우유생산성은 알팔파-, 연맥-, 혼합목초-, 옥수수-, 유채-, 호맥-TMFF구의 순서로 일일평균 16.16-18.95 kg 범위에서 시험구간에 유의한 차이를 나타내었으며(P<0.05), 일일 산유량의 변화에 있어서는 시험개시시의 평균 21.2kg에서 60일 후 시험 종료시에 모든 시험구에서 5kg 정도 감소하여 나타내었는데, 이는 시험종료시는 대부분의 시험축의 착유일수가 300일 이상의 비유말기에 이르렀기 때문으로 사료된다. 우유의 성분 함량에 있어서 시험기간 중 평균지방 함량은 전체적으로 4.06${\sim}$4.79% 범위에서 매우 높은 유지방 함량을 나타내어 유채-, 혼합목초-, 옥수수-, 알팔파-, 호맥-, 연맥- TMFF구의 순서로 높았으며, 단백질 함량은 3.15${\sim}$3.54% 범위에서 혼합목초-, 옥수수-, 유채-, 호맥-, 연맥-, 알팔파-TMFF구의 순서로 높게 나타내었다. 또한, 유당 함량에 있어서는 전체 평균이 4.56% 내외로서 서로 비슷한 함량을 나타내었으며, 무지고형분량과 총 고형분 함량에 있어서도 전체 평균이 8.75%와 12.8% 내외로 시험구간에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타내었는데, TMFF 급여에 의해 우유중 성분 함량에 있어서 어떠한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)