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Effect of Cadmium on the Expression of ABC Transporters and Glutathione S-transferase in the Marine Ciliate Euplotes crassus (카드뮴이 해양 섬모충(Euplotes crassus)의 ABC Transporters와 GST 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hokyun;Kim, Se-Hun;Kim, Ji-Soo;Lee, Young-Mi
    • Journal of Marine Life Science
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.79-87
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    • 2016
  • Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and human, even at trace concentration. Herein we investigated the effect of Cd on the gene expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in marine ciliate Euplotes crassus. Seven ABC transporters and one GST genes were partially cloned and sequences, and thereafter, transcriptional modulation of these genes after exposure to Cd for 8 h was investigated using quantitative real time RT- PCR (qRT-PCR). As results, sequence analysis and phylogenetic study revealed that E. crassus ABCs are likely typical ABC transports, in particular, B/C family, and GST gene may be similar to GST theta isoform. A significant increase in the expression of ABCs, except for ABCB21 was observed in a concentration dependent manner after exposure to Cd (0.1 and 0.5 mg/l) for 8 h. The GST mRNA level was the highest at 0.5 mg/l Cd and then reduced until control level. These findings suggest that ABCs and GST may be involved in a protective mechanism against Cd-mediated toxicity in E. crassus.

Hepatic/Renal Safety Evaluation of Cheongsimyeonja-tang (Qīngxīn Liánzǎo Tāng), Dodam-tang (Táodàn Tāng), Hyeolbuchukso-tang (Xuè Fǔ Zhú Yū Tāng), and Boshiniknai-tang (Bǔ Shèn Yì Nǎo Tāng) for Cerebrovascular Diseases : A Retrospective Study (뇌혈관질환 환자에 대한 청심연자탕(淸心連子湯), 도담탕(導痰湯), 혈부축어탕(血府逐瘀湯), 보신익뇌탕(補腎益腦湯)의 간기능과 신기능 안전성 평가 : 후향적 연구)

  • Min-hwa Kim;Im-hak Cho;I-rang Nam;Maria Kim;Ki-beom Ku;Se-yeon Lee;Jung-nam Kwon;In Lee;Jin-woo Hong;Young-ju Yun;So-yeon Kim;Chang-woo Han;So-jung Park;Jun-yong Choi;Hyeun-kyoo Shin
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.439-454
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    • 2023
  • Objectives: As Korea transitions into an aging society, the incidence of cerebrovascular disease is expected to increase. Herbal medicine is commonly used in Oriental medicine to treat cerebrovascular disease. However, there is insufficient clinical evidence to actively support the safety of herbal medicine in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the toxicity and safety of four herbal medicines (Cheongsimyeonja-tang, Dodam-tang, Hyeolbuchukso-tang, and Boshiniknai-tang) in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Methods: This study used electronic medical records to analyze patients admitted to an oriental medicine hospital from April 1, 2017, to December 31, 2020. Liver and renal function values at the time of admission and discharge were compared. Results: A total of 25 patients were included in this study. We found no significant differences in various variables, such as complete blood count, liver-renal function test, and urine, before and after the administration of the four herbal medicines. Additionally, no significant adverse events related to herbal medicine were observed. Conclusions: This study confirmed the safety of the four herbal medicines in patients with cerebrovascular disease who were hospitalized in a single Oriental medicine hospital.

The study of analysis of mutagen in drinking water (음용수 중 변이원성 물질(MX)에 관한 연구)

  • Yoo, Eun-Ah;Won, Jung-In
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.290-300
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    • 2006
  • Disinfection by-products(DBPs), such as volatile trihalomethanes and the nonvolatile organochlorine acids, created by chlorination have been extensively studied. However MX which contributes 20-50% of the mutagenic activity in drinking water began to people's attention since 1990. Its chemical name is 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone. According to WHO guidelines its concentration should be controlled, but its value has not been set up. Due to analytical difficulties in measuring this compound at such a low concentrations and lack of information on toxicity to human. Because concentration (ng/L) of MX in drinking water is low traditional testing methods are ineffective. Therefore this study compared LLE and SPE and have chosen SPE to improve preconcentration. MX has been identified in chlorinated drinking water samples in several countries but not in korea Therefore this study analyzed concentration of MX in different water sources and in spring water. This study examined the causes of changing MX content. Chlorine dosage, seasons, water temperature and distance from the source was all discoverd to be relavant. MX was analyzed in various treatment to find optimum disinfection methods. The outcome was that the concentration of MX was minimized when using biological activated carbon-O3 and granular activated carbon.

Contents of Mercury, Methylmercury, and Selenium in Deep-Sea Fishes (심해성 어류의 수은, 메틸수은 및 셀레늄 함량)

  • Yun-Sik Cho;Seon-Il Hwang;Sang-Woon Shin;Hyun-Ju Kim;Ji-Yeon Lee;Ji-Won Song;Jeong-Eun Kim;Byoung-Hoon Lee;A-Ra Mo;Myeong-Ki Park
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.158-163
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    • 2023
  • This study aimed to determine mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), and selenium (Se) levels in deep-sea fishes distributed in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Concentrations of Hg, MeHg, and Se were measured by using a mercury analyzer and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average content (mg/kg) in the seafood samples was as follows: Hg, 0.7647 (0.0182-5.3620), MeHg, 0.0764 (0.0096-0.8750), and Se, 0.4728 (0.1075-3.5100). All the levels of MeHg were below the recommended standards of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety i.e., <1.0 mg/kg. Recent studies have shown that Se prevents Hg toxicity. The average daily intake in humans was 3.3 ㎍/kg, which was lower than the recommended amount (50-200 ㎍/person/day). The weekly intake of Hg and MeHg was calculated to be 6.07% and 1.90%, respectively, of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). This study showed that the weekly intake of Hg and MeHg from abyssal fish was less than the PTWI recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Therefore, the levels reported in this study are presumed to be adequately safe.

Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Bt-transgenic Rice : Responses of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cyprinus carpio fed on Bt-transgenic Rice Variety (해충저항성 Bt벼의 환경위해성 평가 : 해충저항성 Bt벼가 미꾸리(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) 및 잉어(Cyprinus carpio)에 미치는 영향)

  • Oh, Sung-Dug;Lee, Dae-Yong;Sohn, Soo-In;Lee, Ki-Jong;Ryu, Tae-Hun;Lee, Jang-Yong;Park, Beom-Seok;Kweon, Soon-Jong;Suh, Seok-Cheol;Park, Jong-Sug
    • Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.570-577
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    • 2011
  • We developed insect-resistant GM rice(Bt transgenic rice) by inserting the mCry1Ac1 a modified gene from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. The Bt transgenic rice expressing the Bttoxin mCry1Ac1 was tested for the effects on survival of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cyprinus carpio, commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio fed 100% ground rice in suspension, using either Bt rice or non-GM counterpart rice(Nakdong). The Bt rice used for the test were confirmed to have the mCry1Ac1 gene expression by the immuno-strip and ELISA analysis. Feeding test showed that no significant differences in cumulative immobility and abnormal response of M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio fed on between Bt rice and non-GM counterpart rice. The 96hr-LC50 values showed no difference between Bt rice(>1,000mg/L) and non-GM rice(>1,000mg/L). We concluded that there was no significant difference in toxicity for non-target organisms(M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio) between Bt rice and non-GM counterparts.

Oxaliplatin and Leucovorin Plus Fluorouracil Combination Chemotherapy as a First-line versus Salvage Treatment in HER2-negative Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients

  • Hee Seok Moon;Jae Ho Park;Ju Seok Kim;Sun Hyung Kang;Jae Kyu Seong;Hyun Yong Jeong
    • Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 2018
  • Background: In Korea, stomach cancer is the second most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. the time of diagnosis is very important for treatment so early detection and surgery are currently considered the mainstay of treatment, when diagnosed advanced with tumor extension through the gastric wall and direct extension into other organs, with metastatic involvement. Recently, new drugs, drug combinations, and multimodal approaches have been used to treat this disease and In cancers over expressing or amplifying HER2, the combination of cisplatin-fluoropyrimidine-trastuzumab is considered to be the treatment of reference. but At present, the choice of treatment schedule for HER2-negative tumors is based on the medical institution's preferences and adverse effects profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using FOLFOX regimen as a first-line therapy or a salvage therapy in the patients with HER2-negative advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospective reviewed the patient medical record from March 2012 to July 2017. This study evaluated 113 patients. Sixty-eight patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen for the first time (first-line group) and 45 patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen as a second (35 patients) or third (10 patients) chemotherapy (salvage group). Results: In the first-line group, the response rate was 54.9%. In the salvage therapy group, the response rate was 24.4% and The difference was statistically significant (p=0.205). The median TTP of the first-line group was 10.7 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.8-13.7 months) and that of salvage line group was 6.1 months (95% CI, 3.8-8.4 months). The median OS of the first-line group was 15.8 months (95% CI, 12.7-18.9 months) and that of the salvage therapy group was 10.2 months (95% CI, 8.2-11.9 months). drug toxicity was similar andtolerable between two groups. Conclusion: In patients with unresctable metastatic gastric cancer, after failing to respond to first-line therapy, most patients have no alternative other than second-line therapy because the disease is highly progressive. if the performance status of the patient is good enough to be eligible to treatments beyond best supportive care. FOLFOX regimen can be a considerable therapeutic option for salvage treatment.

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Study of Plant Growth Inhibition with Edible Sweetener Saccharin and Acesulfame Potassium (식용 감미료 사카린과 에이스셜팜 칼륨의 식물 성장 저해 연구)

  • Donggiun Kim
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.661-667
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    • 2023
  • Five commercially available edible sweeteners are used as diet products because they can replace sucrose. In studies on the effects on animals and the human body, stability has been proven by excreting-oriented studies with characteristics of animal cells, and accumulation in small amounts has been ignored. On the other hand, plants can absorb, degrade, and accumulate foreign substances, so the effect of degradability and accumulation potential can be studied using plants. Metabolic effects in plants of commercially available saccharin and acesulfame potassium (Ace K) were tested using germinated barley and bean sprouts. In germinated barley and bean sprouts, saccharin and ace K showed inhibitory effects on plant growth in all organs from low concentrations in leaves, stems and roots. In addition, it can be observed that the symptoms of death appear clearly over time, so it can be seen that they are accumulated in the body of the plant. As the accumulated amount increases, the toxic effect increases and the plant reaches a state where it is unable to metabolize, turning black from the tip of the leaf and reaching a state of death. In order to remove the accumulated artificial sweetener, recovery was attempted by culturing in distilled water, but it acts as a substance that is not degraded and dies without avoiding toxicity. Saccharin and ace K cannot be excreted from the cell. Its toxic effects are thought to be persistent, inhibiting growth and eventually leading to cell death.

A Study on the Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficiency of Heavy Metals by the Content of Jellyfish Extract at Immunity Reaction in Alginate bead (알긴산 비드에 혼합된 해파리 면역 반응물질 함량에 따른 중금속 흡착효율 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Jong Hwan Kim;Hyeok Jin Park;Inho Choi;Eunjin Kim;I Song Choi;Jong-Min Oh
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.431-436
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    • 2023
  • As the industry develops, the amount of heavy metals flowing into the ecosystem is increasing. Heavy metals are difficult to decompose and remain in the ecosystem for a long time and cause toxicity, which is removed by physicochemical methods such as adsorption, filtration, and chemical precipitation during water treatment. In this study, Alginate bead was selected as a chelating resin for adsorbing and removing heavy metals, and the Jellyfish Extract at Immunity reaction (JEI) were mixed to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of heavy metals accordingly. beads mixed with JEI showed high adsorption efficiency in lead (79-99%) and copper (64-70%) according to the characteristics of Alginate, and low adsorption efficiency in cadmium (25-37%) and zinc (5-6%). Although heavy metal adsorption did not increase in proportion to the content of JEI, 50% and 100% JEI beads showed significant increases. As a result of applying the reaction rate equation, it was found that it was more suitable for the pseudo-secondary reaction equation than the pseudo-first reaction equation.

Ecological Risk Assessment of 4,4'-Methylenedianiline (4,4'-Methylenedianiline의 환경매체별 위해성평가)

  • Hyun Soo Kim;Daeyeop Lee;Kyung Sook Woo;Si-Eun Yoo;Inhye Lee;Kyunghee Ji;Jungkwan Seo;Hun-Je Jo
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.334-343
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    • 2023
  • Background: South Korea's Act on Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (known as K-REACH) was established to protect public health and the environment from hazardous chemicals. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA), which is used as a major intermediate in industrial polymer production and as a vulcanizing agent in South Korea, is classified as a toxic substance under the K-REACH act. Although MDA poses potential ecological risks due to industrial emissions and hazards to aquatic ecosystems, no ecological risk assessment has been conducted. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the ecological risk of MDA by identifying the actual exposure status based on the K-REACH act. Methods: Various toxicity data were collected to establish predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for water, sediment, and soil. Using the SimpleBox Korea v2.0 model with domestic release statistical data and EU emission factors, predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were derived for ten sites, each referring to an MDA-using company. Hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated by ratio of the PECs and PNECs to characterize the ecological risk posed by MDA. To validate the results of modeling-based assessment, concentration of MDA was measured using in-site freshwater samples (two to three samples per site). Results: PNECs for water, sediment, and soil were 0.000525 mg/L, 4.36 mg/kg dw, and 0.1 mg/kg dw, respectively. HQ for surface water and sediment at several company sites exceeded 1 due to modeling data showing markedly high PEC in each environmental compartment. However, in the results of validation using in-site surface water samples, MDA was not detected. Conclusions: Through an ecological risk assessment conducted in accordance with the K-REACH act, the risk level of MDA emitted into the environmental compartments in South Korea was found to be low.

Study on Enhancement of Ammonia Generation for Effective Collision Frequency (유효충돌빈도를 고려한 암모니아 생성 증대기법 연구)

  • Sejin Kim;Yongseok CHoi;Hyunchul Park
    • Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2023
  • Research, such as developing alternative energy in the transportation field, including aviation, is being actively conducted to solve the issue of current climate change. Interest in ammonia fuel as a carbon free energy (CFE) source is increasing due to the ease of liquefaction and transportation and similarity in energy density to that of methanol. However, explosiveness and toxicity of ammonia make it difficult to handle. Therefore, in this study, stable ammonia production was attempted using relatively easy-to-handle urea water solution (UWS). High temperature steam was used to promote the hydrolysis of ammonia. In order to determine the causes for ammonia production below the theoretical equivalent ratio, it was suggested that there were not enough collisions to promote the hydrolysis based on the kinetic theory of gases. The hydrolysis of unreacted isocyanic acid (HNCO) was tested according to the change in water supply. As a result, an increased amount of ammonia produced was confirmed. The increased amount of ammonia produced in a certain section was dependent on the steam temperature and the flow rate of water supplied.