• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.323-327
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• 2002

A rod-shaped virus was isolated from pepper showing mild mosic during the winter growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 in Korea. Based on its biological reactions, serological relationships, reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers, and nucleotide sequence analysis of coat protein (CP) gene, the isolated virus was identified as Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and designated as Korean pepper isolate (TMGMV-KP). Crude sap from infected tissue was mechanically transmitted to various indicator plants, which produced characteristic symptoms of tobamovirus infection. However, no symptom was observed in Gomphorena globosa. In RT-PCR assays with specific primers toy respective detection of TMGMV, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Pepper mild mottle virue (PMMoV), and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), a single strong band of about 500 bp in length was produced from the sample used only with TMGMV primers. The amplified DNA was cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Sequence comparisons with the CP gene of other tobamoviruses indicated that TMGMV-KP shared 99.3％ identity with TMGMV Japanese isolate and only 59.1, 58.6, and 58.1％ identity with TMV, PMMoV and ToMV, respectively. This is the first report of TMGMV in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to develop specific and sensitive PCR-based procedures for simultaneous detection of economically important plant seed infection pathogenic bacteria and virus, Xanthomonns campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) in pepper and tomato seeds. Most of pepper and tomato bacterial and virus diseases are responsible for germination and growth obstruction. PCR with arbitral primers: selection of specific primers, performance of PCR with specific primers and determination of the threshold level for pathogens detection. To detect simultaneously the Xcv, Cmm, Ecc, PMMoV and TMGMV in pepper and tomato seeds, five pairs (Cmm-F/R, Ecc-F/R, Xcv-F/R, PMMoV-F/R, TMGMV-F/R) of specific primer were synthesized by primer-blast program. The multiplex PCR for the five pathogens in pepper and tomato seeds could detect specially without interference among primers and/or cDNA of plant seeds and other plant pathogens. The PCR result for pathogen detection using 20 commercial pepper and 10 tomato seed samples, Ecc was detected from 4 pepper and 2 tomato seed samples, PMMoV was detected from 1 pepper seed sample, and PMMoV and TMGMV were simultaneously detected from 1 pepper seed sample.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.194-197
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• 2004

Incidence of tobamovirus diseases was 100％ at late growth stage of green pepper on hydroponic systems in plastic house. Infection frequency of the diseases showed 34％ of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), 41.5％ of Tobacco mild green mottle virus (TMGMV), and 24.5％ of the co-infected viruses. The two viruses specifically reacted in DAS-ELISA prepared with each polyclonal antibody. A total of 77 pure tobamovirus isolates obtained from the crops was tested for pathotype determination. The isolation frequency of tobamovirus pathotype $P_{0}$ and $P_{1,2}$ was 61 ％ and 39％, respectively. All TMGMV isolates belonged to the pathotype $P_{0}$. In restriction enzyme analysis of the cDNAs synthesized with coat protein gene of PMMoV pathotype $P_{0}$ and $P_{1,2}$, the former had two TaqI sites but the later had one.one.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.164-167
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• 2006

An immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC/RT-PCR) was developed for simultaneous detection of two pepper-infecting RNA viruses, Pepper mud mottle virus (PMMoV) and Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV). The assay could be performed in a single tube for simultaneous and sensitive detection of these tobamoviruses. This detection system revealed thousand-fold increase in detection sensitivity compare to ELISA. This method could save time and reagent cost compare to common RT-PCR which needs several reactions and several procedures of viral RNA extractions for the same number of samples.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.258-261
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• 2005

We conducted a survey on pepper virus diseases in 31 regions in Korea from November 2001 to December 2004. Using electron microscopy, test plant reaction, rapid immuno-filter paper assay (RIPA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or analysis of viral nucleotide sequences, we found a number of viruses from 1,056 samples that we collected. These included Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Of the samples analyzed, $343(32.5\%)$ were infected with CMV, $209(19.8\%)$ with PepMoV, $141(13.4\%)$ with PMMoV, $12(1.1\%)$ with BBWV2, $40(3.8\%)$ with TMGMV, $5(0.5\%)$ with TSWV, $153(14.5\%)$ with CMV and PepMoV, $54 (5.1\%)$ with CMV and PMMoV, $31(2.9\%)$ with PepMoV and PMMoV, $3(0.3\%)$ with CMV and BBWV2, $1(0.1\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and BBWV2, $8(0.8\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and PMMoV, and $30 (2.8\%)$ samples were infected with viruses which were not identified. CMV was the most predominant virus in all inspected fields and the number of the samples infected with PMMoV was relatively low as compared PepMoV infection level in pepper. TMGMV was only found in the southern part of Korea, while TSWV was isolated in Anyang and Yesan. However, we did not encounter in this survey the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Pepper vein chlorosis virus (PVCV).

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2007

The incidence of virus disease on peppers was investigated at the 52 areas in the whole country in 2002, 2004 to 2006. Among the six viruses, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), infecting peppers in Korea, the incidence of CMV, PepMoV, PMMoV and BBWV2 was 29.4%, 13.6%, 14.3%, 25.6%, orderly. TMGMV and TSWV had the same low infection rate of 1.0%. The infection rate of CMV was higher as 53.3% and 34.2% in 2002 and 2004, but it was decreased to 18.2% and 11.9% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The infection rate of BBWV2 was lower as 1.3% in 2002 and 1.8% in 2004, but it was increased abruptly to 41.3% in 2005 and 58.2% in 2006. For the types of mixed infections of pepper viruses, the incidence of CMV+PepMoV was 62.6% in 2002 and 50.0% in 2004, and that of CMV+BBWV2 was increased suddenly from 33.3% in 2005 to 83.2% in 2006. The triplex infection of CMV+BBWV2+PepMoV was 6.4% in average. CMV caused severe mosaic and BBWV2 induced ring spots, and the two mixed virions caused chlorosis on the leaves of red peppers. TSWV induced the typical symptoms of multiple ring spots on the leaves and fruits of red peppers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.125.3-126
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• 2003

A near full-length sequence of a new tobamovirus infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. was determined. The genome consists of 58 nucleotides (nt) 5' UTR, followed by a 4.9 kb ORF which methyl transferase helicase domain (128 kDa), readthrough protein RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) 185 kDa and a 52 kDa protein. The 128 kDa protein had a maximum homology of 51.4 ％ to TMGMV and amino acids (an) were 54.3 ％ identical to TMV- vulgare strain. The 185 kDa RdRp had a maximum homology of 53.5％ to TMV-Ob and KGMMV-Y and a 59.6％ homology at the an level to CGMMV-SH. The MP gene encodes 282 aa and its theoretical molecular weight is 30.4 kDa. The nt and an sequence identities of MP ranged from 38.8％ to 43.9％ and 30.9％ to 37.9％, respectively. The CP gene encodes 163 residues and with a theoretical molecular weight of 18.2 kDa The (nt) and aa sequences of the CP were 46.9 ％ to 51.6％ and 45.3％ to 57.1％ identical to other tobamoviruses, respectively. The predicted virion origin of assembly (OAS) was located in the CP gene. Phylogenetic trees generated based on the nt and as sequences of RdRp, MP and CP genes indicated that this new virus clustered with subgroup II tobamoviruses. Although the CP ORF of this virus shared a high nt and aa sequence identity with Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (SHMV), Western analysis showed that it is serologically unrelated to SHMV. We propose the name Hibiscus virus S (HVS) for this Singapore isolate. This is the first report on a near full-length sequence of a Tobamovirus that infects hibiscus.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2004

In the year of 2002 annual nationwide survey of virus diseases occurring in the pepper fields and greenhouses in Korea, the distribution and the incidence of viral diseases was investigated. The pepper samples from both greenhouses (155 samples) and open fields (227 samples) were collected and further analyzed to detect eleven different viruses by RT-PCR. The results indicate that no sample collected from both greenhouse and open field seems to be infected by TMV, RMV, PVY, AMV, and TSWV. On the other hand, CMV, BBWV2, PepMoV, PMMoV, TMGMV and ToMV are readily identified from greenhouse and open field samples by RT-PCR. The infection rates of the collected samples between greenhouse and open field are largely different. Comparing with 10% of virus-infected pepper samples grown in greenhouse, approximately one third of pepper samples collected from open field are infected. The mixed-infection rates in the virus-infected greenhouse and open field samples are 16% and 61%, respectively. The dominant virus occuring in greenhouse is PMMoV, indicating that virus-infected seed stocks and infected plant debris in the growing area may be important sources of inocula. On the other hand, both CMV and BBWV2 are dominant viruses in open field. This may indicate that the migration of viruliferous insect vectors into pepper fields may be the most important source of inoculum. Also, the survey shows that BBWV2 is newly immerging virus to be controlled in Korea. The discrepancies on the distribution and the occurrence of viral diseases between field and greenhouse may provide a fact that the accumulation and distribution of inoculum by successive cultivation and the migration of viruliferous vectors into growing areas are likely to be important factors to determine the incidence of viral diseases. Therefore, the further studies on epidemiology and the consideration of new breeding program of pepper are essential to minimize virus diseases.