• 공업화학
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.737-742
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• 1999

THMs의 전구물질로 잘 알려진 humic acid를 대상으로 오존처리, 응집처리 및 활성탄 흡착처리와 같은 물리화학적 처리공정 도입에 따른 humic acid의 제거특성을 조사하고, 염소주입시 생성 가능한 부산물을 정성적으로 규명하기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. Humic acid에 오존을 주입한 결과 pH가 급격히 감소하였는데, 이는 분자량이 큰 humic acid가 오존에 의하여 $H_2O$ 및 $CO_2$로 완전히 산화되지 못하고 중간생성물인 저급 지방산으로 분해된 결과로 판단되었다. 그리고 용존성 humic acid의 응집특성을 조사하기 위하여 PAC 160 mg/L로 응집을 실시한 결과 TOC는 약 25%, $COD_{Cr}$는 24%가 제거되었으나, 색도는 단지 5%만이 제거되어, humic acid에 의해 유발되는 색도는 응집으로 제거하기 어려운 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 오존처리에서는 95% 이상의 색도가 제거되었으며, 이때 색도는 오존 접촉시간에 대해 1차반응으로 제거되었고, 반응속도상수값 k는 $0.067min^{-1}$로 조사되었다. 활성탄 흡착 실험에서는 오존 전처리를 실시함으로써 활성탄 흡착 효율이 크게 증가함을 확인할 수 있었으며, humic acid에 염소를 주입한 결과 THMs만 검출되었을 뿐 다른 휘발성 미량 유기화합물은 검출되지 않았고, 오존처리를 실시한 오존처리수에서도 알데히드류 및 케톤류와 같은 부산물은 검출되지 않았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2002

배수관망에서의 박테리아 재 증식은 큰 현안문제로 대두되고 있으며 이를 억제하기 위한 염소소독 또한 발암성의 부산물인 THMs(trihalomethanes)등을 생성시킬 우려 때문에 미국에서는 오존살균처리 또는 나노여과 (nanofiltration) 법으로 대체해 오고 있다. 그러나 종래의 많은 bench scale 실험결과를 통해 이러한 처리 이후에 잔존하는 미량의 유기물(assimilable organic carbon)이 박테리아 재 증식에 계속하여 영향을 주고 있다는 결과가 AOC(assimilable organic carbon)와 박테리아 재증식의 상관관계를 통하여 밝혀지고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 이러한 연구결과를 full-scale규모의 현장시설에서 직접 검토한 예는 없다. 따라서 본 실험은 미국플로리다주에 위치한 두 지역의 full-scale배수관망 시설을 선정하여 실시하였다. 첫 번째 시설은 오존 살균처리를 그리고 다른 한곳은 나노여과와 석회 연수법 (lime softening)을 병행한 처리법을 사용하고 있다. 박테리아 증식은 R2A 배지를 사용하는 HPC(heterotrophic plate counts)법으로 평가했으며 오존이 공급된 배수관망에서의 HPC 는 각 셈플링 지점의 AOC값을 이용한 지수모델과 높은 상관관계가 있음이 판명되었다($R^2$=0.97). 또한 오존처리는 100%이상의 AOC 농도증가를 나타냈다. 나노여과법과 석회연수법을 병행하고 있는 시설에서도 AOC에 근거한 지수모델과 상관관계를 나타냈다($R^2$=0.75). 그러나 BDOC(biodegradable dissolved organic carbon)는 박테리아 증식에 있어 매우 낮은 상관관계 값을 표시했다($R^2$=0.11). 결과적으로 종래의 많은 bench scale실험결과와 같이 AOC는 배수관망에서의 박테리아 증식과 크게 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1163-1170
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• 2015

This study carried out continuous column test for estimating the regeneration efficiency with regeneration times and temperatures. More times regenerated granular activated carbon (GAC) has more ash in the GAC and has less apparent density. Two times regenerated GAC ($2^{nd}$ re-GAC) could removed the Trihalomethanes (THMs) in the water for the first two week after starting continuous column test, on the other hand five times regenerated GAC ($5^{th}$ re-GAC) did not have adsorption capacity. The THMs concentration in the effluent was almost equal or higher than that of influent at the first time of continuous column test. $2^{nd}$ re-GAC showed much more DOC adsorption capacity than $5^{th}$ re-GAC and the GAC which was regenerated with $700^{\circ}C$ had highest DOC removal efficiency among the GACs with 600, 700, 800, $900^{\circ}C$ regeneration temperatures. It is anticipated the cost of GAC regeneration could be saved more 100 million won by reducing the furnace temperature of 3rd~4th and 5th~6th about $150^{\circ}C$ compared to the current regeneration condition.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.84-98
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• 2000

Control of Trihalomethanes(THMs) is a major concern of many water treatment plants. A number of researchers have studied the effectiveness of activated carbon adsorption process in removing THMs or organic halogen compounds. Recently, attention has been paid to the biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment of THM precursors as an alternative to the carbon adsorption treatment because of its effectiveness as well as its low running cost. In this study, changes of THM formation potential(THMFP) and removal of substrates in the SBR effluent were investigated in an attempt to clarify the mechanisms of the decrease/increase of THMFP in the BAC treatment. The increase and decrease of THMFP concentrations were observed in effluents during prolonged operation. When PCP or DBS was feeded as substrate contained in SBR effluent, the THMFPs were easyly removed with TOCs removal. But the case of SBR effluent containing SDS or glycine was introduced, and when microbial growth came to its near steady state, the THMFPs of treated effluents were increased more or less in comparison to those in the influents. Such increases of THMFP coincided with the increase in microbial growth within the activated carbon fiber(ACF) column. In the case of only sucrose was feeded as substrate on ACF colume, THMFP concentrations of effluent were higher than those of influent. The THMFP concentration was significantly increased on inlet part of ACF column, which biomass inhabits abundantly, then they were decreased gradually. These increases mean production of the secondary THM precursors by biological activities, which can be removed by adsorption and biological degradation on ACF column.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

The main purpose of applying the chlorination process during water treatment is for disinfection. Research results, however, indicate that disinfection by-products including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, and chloropicrin can be produced by chlorination process. Some of these disinfection by-products are known to be potential human carcinogens. This three-year project is designed to establish a standard analysis procedure for disinfection by-products in drinking water and investigate the distribution and sources of specific disinfection by-products. The occurrence level of DBPs in drinking water was below 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/L in most cases. THMs in plant effluent accounted for 48% of all DBPs measured, whereas HAAs accounted for 24%, HANs 14%, haloketones 5%, chloral hydrate 7%, and chloropicrin 2%. Chloroform was found to be the major THMs compound (71%), followed by bromodichloromethane (21%), dibro-mochloromethane (7%), and bromoform (3%), The concentration of DBPs formed in distribution systems increased from those detected in plant effluent. Results would play an important role in exposure assessment as a part of the risk assessment process, and would give basic information for establishment of disinfection by-products reduction and management procedures.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.53-68
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• 1992

In order to research the adsorption removal characteristics of trace organic by-products in disinfection of drinking water by biological activated carbon(BAC), water samples disinfect- ted with $Cl_2$, $O_3$ and $ClO_2$ after treatment by fluidized-bed system with water added with humic acid(10mg/L) were investigated the formation and the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs), and the trace organic by-products by gas chromatography(GC) II gas chromatography/mass selective detector(GC/MSD). Control was used by activated carbon(AC) and water added with humic acid(HA). The results were summarized as follow : The THMs removal effect of BAC by chlorination was in lower 90 % than that of control(HA), the sorts of oxidants formed by $Cl_2$ , $O_3$ and $ClO_2$ were that $O_3$ was very fewer than $Cl_2$ or $ClO_2$, and that $ClO_2$ was fewer than $Cl_2$. The trace organic by-products were esters and phthalates etc. Based on results above, it is concluded that BAC was appeared the more desirable adsorbtion-degradation removal characteristics than that of AC.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the change of molecular weight (MW) profiles in natural organic matter (NOM) through various treatment processes (coagulation, granular activated carbon (GAC), and ozonation) using high performance size exclusion chromatography based on ultraviolet absorbance and dissolved organic detection (HPSEC-UVA-DOC). In addition, relationships between MW profiles and disinfection by-production (DBP) formation were evaluated. Each treatment process results in significant different effects on NOM profiles. Coagulation is effective to remove high molecular weight NOM, while GAC is effective to remove low molecular weight NOM. Ozonation removes only a small portion of NOM, while it induces a significant reduction of UV absorbance due to breakdown of the aromatic groups. All treated waters are chlorinated, and chlorination DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are measured under formation potential conditions. Both THM and HAA formation potentials were significantly reduced through the coagulation process. GAC was more effective to reduce THM formation compared to HAA formation reduction, while ozonation showed significant HAA reduction compared to THM reduction.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a membrane bioreactor filled with high concentration of powdered activated carbon (HCPAC-MBR) to reduce DBPs at the drinking water treatment. The pilot system was installed after the rapid sand filtration process whose plant was the conventional treatment process. The removal efficiencies of DBPs were measured during pilot operation period of 2 years. HAA and THM removal rates could be maintained around 80~90% without any troubles and then tremendous reduction of HAA and THM reactivity were observed more than 52%. The average removal rate of HAA formation potential (FP) and THM formation potential (FP) were 70.5% and 67.6% respectively. It is clear that the PAC membrane bioreactor is highly applicable for advanced water treatment to control DBPs.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.628-637
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• 2004

In many drinking water treatment plants, chlorination process is one of the main techniques used for the disinfection of water. This disinfecting treatment leads to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as haloacetonitriles (HANs), trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs). In this study, headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS- SPME) technique was applied for the analysis of HANs in drinking water. The effects of experimental parameters such as selection of SPME fiber, the addition of salts, magnetic stirring, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time on the analysis were investigated. Analytical parameters such as linearity, repeatability and detection limits were also evaluated. The $50/30{\mu}m$-divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, extraction time of 30 minutes, extraction temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and desorption time of 1 minute at $260^{\circ}C$ were the optimal experimental conditions for the analysis of HANs. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) for HANs was 0.9979~0.9991, respectively. The relative standard deviations (%RSD) for HANs was 2.3~7.6%, respectively. Detection limits (LDs) for HANs was $0.01{\sim}0.5{\mu}g/L$, respectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.713-719
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• 2005

SPME (Soild phase microextraction) has been used in the analysis of many volatile organic compounds, such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. SPME fiber is characterized by high adsorption capacity (DVB/CAR/PDMS, DVB/PDMS etc.). Although the highly active adsorption capacities of the SPME fiber are often to the chemical functional group, surface properties play a significant role in determining the surface adsorption capacities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effect of residual chlorine on analysis of geosmin and 2-MIB. Image taken by SEM before preloaded with chlorine, the surface and porous media was almost perfect spherical shape and no clogging of pores. However, after preloaded with chlorine the surface was aggregated and pore was blocked. The recovery rate of geosmin and 2-MIB coexisting with chlorine was reduced by 35 to 62%. The recovery rate with preloaded with chlorine was reduced by 25 to 43%. The lower concentration of geosmin and 2-MIB and the higher concentration of chlorine existed in water, the lower the recovery rate was.