• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.355-359
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• 2010

A $Li[Co_{1/3}Ni_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}]O_2$ cathode was modified by applying a $ZrF_x$ coating. The surface-modified cathodes were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM techniques. XRD patterns of $ZrF_x$-coated $Li[Co_{1/3}Ni_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}]O_2$ revealed that the coating did not affect the crystal structure of the parent powder. SEM and TEM images showed that $ZrF_x$ nano-particles were formed as a coating layer, and EDS data confirmed that $ZrF_x$ distributed uniformly on the surface the powder. Capacity retention of coated samples at high C rates was superior to that of pristine sample. However, as the coating concentration increases beyond the optimum concentration, the rate capability was deteriorated. Whereas, as the increase of coating concentration to 2.0 wt %, the cyclic performances of the electrodes under the severe conditions (high cut-off voltage, 4.8 V, and high measurement temperature, $55^{\circ}C$) were improved considerably.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.309-314
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• 2010

The surface modified $LiMn_2O_4$ materials with Li-Fe composites were prepared by a sol-gel method to improve the electrochemical performance of $LiMn_2O_4$ and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-EDS. XRD results indicate that all the samples (modified and pristine samples) have cubic spinel structures, and XRD, XPS, and TEM-EDS data reveal the formation of $Li(Li_xFe_xMn_{2-2x})O_4$ solid solution on the surface of particles. For the electrochemical properties, the modified material demonstrated dramatically enhanced reversibility and stability even at elevated temperature. These improvements are attributed to the formation of the solid solution, and thus-formed solid solution phase on the surface of $LiMn_2O_4$ particle reduces the dissolution of Mn ion and suppresses the Jahn-Teller effect.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.203-207
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• 2015

Sample preparation is very important for crystal structure analysis of novel nanostructured materials in electron microscopy. Generally, a grid dispersion method has been used as transmission electron microscope (TEM) sampling method of nano-powder samples. However, it is difficult to obtain the cross-sectional information for the tabular-structured materials. In order to solve this problem, we have attempted a new sample preparation method using focused ion beam. Base on this approach, it was possible to successfully obtain the electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution TEM images of the cross-section of tabular structure. Finally, we were able to obtain three-dimensional crystallographic information of novel zeolite nano-crystal of the tabular morphology by applying the new sample preparation technique.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.522-529
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• 1993

To raise the utilization of precious platinum currently used as catalyst for PAFC's electrode, it is very important to make fine particles of platinum. This study, for preparing highly dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon black, method. And then loading yield of platinum catalyst on carbon black and the particle size were investigated by DCP and XRD and/or TEM respectively. The colloid method by which platinum particle size could be reduced as small as below $30{\AA}$ showed the best result among them, and the loading yield of platinum catalyst on carbon black was above 99%.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Morphological characteristics of hyphal interaction between Grifola umbellata (Pers. Ex Fr.) Pilat and its companion fungus which related to sclerotia formation from hyphae were investigated by external observations, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). External observations showed that a dense antagonism line was formed by both G. umbellata and companion fungus after their hyphae contacted each other in dual culture. Many hyphal strands emerged on the colony of G. umbellata and differentiated to sclerotia from where hyphal strands crossed. Light microscope observations revealed the process of antagonism line formation. Mature antagonism with structural differentiation, was composed of three main layers: the rind, the rind underlayer and the hypha layer. TEM observations showed that after colonies hyphal contact, a series of reactions always occurred in both G. umbellata and companion fungus. Cells in the center of antagonism line were dead. Cells of G. umbellata adjacent to the antagonism line were usually large and hollow, with unilateral thickened wall, whereas those of companion fungus were empty, with thin or thick wall. Both hyphal interaction at the antagonism line may be one of the main reasons for sclerotia of G. umbellata differentiation from hypha.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

A new method was introduced to distinguish the ferrite, bainite and martensite in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EBSD is a very powerful microstructure analysis technique at the length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to millimeters. However, iron BCC phases such as ferrite, bainite and martensite cannot be easily distinguished by EBSD due to their similar surface morphology and crystallographic structure. Among the various EBSD-based methodology, image quality (IQ) values, which present the perfection of a crystal lattice, was used to distinguish the iron BCC phases. IQ values are very useful tools to discern the iron BCC phases because of their different density of crystal defect and lattice distortion. However, there are still remaining problems that make the separation of bainite and martensite difficult. For instance, these phases have very similar IQ values in many cases, especially in deformed region; therefore, even though the IQ value was used, it has been difficult to distinguish the bainite and martensite. For more precise separation of bainite and martensite, IQ threshold values were determined by a correlative TEM analysis. By determining the threshold values, iron BCC phases were successfully separated.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.386-390
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• 2006

Colloidal silica which has high surface area and excellent surface properties are chemically stable inorganic materials and used for various applications in industry. Silica sol was prepared from sodium silicate solution by acid neutralization method and ion exchange treatment to remove sodium ions. Through the experimental analysis for controlling factors of particle growth rate, such as temperature, pH, and aging time, the uniform size distribution of silica sol could be obtained. The size distribution and shape of silica sol was measured by TEM and dynamic light scattering method. Zeta potential change and gelling phenomena of silica sol and its rheological properties also investigated.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.375-380
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• 2002

Diamines (p-phenylenediamine , m-phenylenediamine , and n-hexamethylenediamine) were intercalated into sodium montmorillonite for the further reaction with the anhydride end groups of polyamic acid. The anhydride terminated polyamic acid was synthesized using a mole ratio of 4,4'-oxydianilline : 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylic dianhydride = 1.50 : 1.53. The modified montmorillonite was reacted with polyamic acid terminated with anhydride group in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (polyamic acid/clay nanocomposite). After imidization, thin films of the polyimide/clay nanocomposite were prepared. From the results of XRD and TEM, we found that mono layered silicates were dispersed in polyimide matrix and those resultants were exfoliated nanocomposites. Mechanical properties of exfoliated polyimide nanocomposite were better than both those of pure polyimide and those of intercalated polyimide nanocomposite.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.198-201
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• 2010

We have worked a surface modification to release a strong agglomeration of multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT) and a incorporation of hydrophilic polymer to improve compatibility between MWCNT and polymers. Carboxylated MWCNT was easily obtained by acid treatment and the carboxylate was converted to acylchloride by thionyl chloride. Then, we tried one more synthesizing routes to achieve covalent bonds with poly(ethylene oxide) having amine end groups of low molecular weight. We measured the polymer content on the surface of MWCNT by TGA and observed increased diameter of MWCNT by SEM and TEM analysis.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

The chitosan-coated liposomes (chitosomes) were designed to improve the stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to enhance the efficacy for oral drug delivery of liposomes. The phosphatic acid (PA)-incorporated anionic liposomes were surface-coated with water soluble chitosan (WSC) by electro-ionic interaction. The shape of the chitosomes observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was spherical in all the formulations and the coating layer by WSC could be founded through TEM images. The mean size and the zeta potential values of the chitosomes increased significantly with depending on the content of WSC added for coating the liposomes. The stability of the chitosomes in the GI tract was confirmed through the change of relative turbidity of the liposomal suspension. The plain liposomes (plasomes) suspension without adding WSC clearly showed the change of relatively turbidity in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), while the change degree of turbidity of the chitosomes in the SGF decreased as increasing of WSC content added for coating liposome. In the 5-CF release study from the plasomes and chitosomes, the plasomes released >90% of the initial 5-CF content at 4 h of release measurement. In contrast, the chitosomes released below 40% of initial content of 5-CF. In conclusion, these results indicate that the chitosomes can be used as a potential carrier for effective oral drug delivery.