• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

Optimum conditions for making the Au and Al internal standards for TEM have been determined experimentally. The Au internal standard was produced by sputter coating at 9mA for 100 seconds in low vacuum $(\leq1\times10^{-3})$. The Al internal standard was produced by evaporation coating at 7kV for 10 minutes in high vacuum $(\leq1\times10^{-5})$. Measurements of the lattice parameters of andalusite and albite feldspars with this Au internal standard resulted in errors of (a) $ \leq1.2%$ in precion and $\leq0.3%$ in accuracy for andalusite: (b) $\leq0.5%$ in precision and $\leq1.1%$ in accuracy for albite feldspars. The most significant error occurred from the measuring processes of distances and angles of electron diffraction patterns. By employing systematic procedures of measurement with high precision devices, this lattice parameter determination method utilizing the internal standard should be a good alternative to the conventional powder XRD method or the sophisticated CBED method for special samples.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.spc1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2006

Self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) were grown by the atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques, The structure and the thermal stability of QDs have been studied by high resolution electron microscopy with in-situ heating experiment capability, The ALE and MBE QDs were found to form a hemispherical structure with side facets in the early stage of growth, Upon capping by GaAs layer, however, the apex of QDs changed to a flat one. The ALE QDs have larger size and more regular shape than those of MBE QDs. The QDs collapse due to elevated temperature was observed directly in atomic scale, In situ heating experiment within TEM revealed that the uncapped QDs remained stable up to $580^{\circ}C$, However, at temperature above $600^{\circ}C$, the QDs collapsed due to the diffusion and evaporation of In and As from the QDs, The density of the QDs decreased abruptly by this collapse and most of them disappeared at above $600^{\circ}C$.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.180-192
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• 2000

One bottle system was recently developed in order to simplify the clinical skills and save chair time after continuous improvements on dentin bonding agents. There has been many studies to measure the bond strength of one bottle systems but no actual work has been done on micromorphologic study of resin-dentin interdiffusion zone after one bottle system application. To evaluate the bonding patterns of various commercially available one bottle systems to dentin, observation of resin-dentin interdiffusion zone under TEM was performed. Caries-free human third molars within one month of extractions were chosen for the experiments. The molars were sectioned 1mm above the cementoenamel junction and got rid of the root portions. Crown portions of the teeth were sectioned parallel to occlusal surface so that dentin discs of 1mm in thickness were remained. 7 one bottle systems and 1 two bottle system were applied according to manufacturer's instructions and followings were the results. 1. In every experimental groups, cross bandings of collagen fiber were distinguishable and tight bon dings between the bonding agents and dentin were observed. 2. Hybrid layer was clearly observed in ONE-STEP$^{(R)}$, Prime & Bond$^{(R)}$ 2.1, Syntac$^{(R)}$ SC, MAC-BOND II groups but it was not clear in Single Bond, D-Liner Dual PLUS, ONE COAT BOND groups. 3. Electron-density of hybrid layer was uniform in pattern in MAC-BOND II, Prime & Bond$^{(R)}$ 2.1 groups but not so uniform in ONE-STEP$^{(R)}$ group. 4. Electron-dense amorphous phase in most superior layer of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone was characteristically observed in Single Bond, Syntac$^{(R)}$ SC, ONE COAT BOND groups. It can be concluded that bondings between the dentin bonding agents and dentin can be various in pattern according to their chemical compositions and the condition during applications.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.134-142
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to establish more rational and practical planning theory for amusementpark. It analyze and considerate the fluctuation of the people who come and use a Tong-Ch'on amusementpark. The results drawn from this research work are as follows ; There are considerable correlation between use fluctuation and some factors. The factors are season (spring, summer, autumn) as a time, temperature, cloud amount, duration of sunshine, weather (rainy day) as a climate and date (weekday, holiday) as a social system. The important variables are temperature, cloud amount, duration of sunshine and date (week day, holiday) to estimate the user of amusementpark. I can reduce the following two types of regression models. 1.${\log}_eY1=6.9114+0.1135TEM+0.00002_eSUM-0.4068WI+0.4316W3$ ($R^2=0.94$) 2. ${\log}_eY2=7.2069+0.1177TEM-0.0990CLO+0.488W3$ ($R^2=0.95$) Y ; Number of User TEM ; Temperature CLO ; Amount of cloud SUN ; Duration of Sunshine WI ; Weekday W3 ; Holiday Those model is inorder to estimate the user for management of Tong-Ch'on amusementpark and use on the computation of facility size for reconstruction. Besides the amusementpark, city park and outdoor recreation area could estimate of user throuth this method. But, I am not sure about the regression models because I didn't apply the regression models to the other amusementpark, city park or outdoor recreation area. Therefore, I think that this problem needs to study in the future.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.326-332
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• 2010

Nanocomposite films were prepared by blending poly(amic acid)(PAA), poly(o-hydroxyamide)( PHA) and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) that has a layered structure. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to study the morphology of PAA/PHA nanocomposites, and DMA, TGA, UTM, LOI and PCFC techniques were used to characterize the mechanical and thermal properties, and flame retardancy of the nanocomposites. TEM images revealed that OMMT layers were well dispersed in the PAA/PHA matrix and showed exfoliation and intercalation behavior. The addition of 3 wt% OMMT to the PAA/PHA blend increased the initial modulus of PAA/ PHA blend to 3.68 GPa that was ca. 48% higher than that of the control PAA/PHA blend. Above 4 wt%, however, both the initial modulus and the tensile strength were found to decrease, which might be due to the aggregation of OMMT in PAA/PHA matrix. When the OMMT content was below 3 wt%, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the PAA/PHA nanocomposites increased with increasing OMMT content.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.608-614
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• 2009

In this work, ruthenium substituted SBA-15's(Ru-SBA15's) of various Si/Ru ratios were prepared using a non-ionic triblock copolymer surfactant, $EO_{20}PO_{70}EO_{20}$, as template. We investigated the nitrogen or oxygen adsorption/desorption behaviors of the Ru-SBA-15's for their future applications as catalysts or selective adsorbents, etc. The pore size of the Ru-SBA-15's was determined by both the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)($D_{BJH}$) and the Broekhoff-de Boer analysis with a Frenkel-Halsey-Hill isotherm(BdB-FFF) method($D_{BdB-FHH}$). The $D_{BJH}$ and $D_{BdB-FHH}$ of the Ru-SBA-15 having 50/1 ratio of Si/Ru were 3.9 nm and 4.7 nm, respectively. The transmission electron microscope(TEM) image of the Ru-SBA 15 of the Si/Ru mole ratio of 50 showed that the pore size is 4.7 nm, which is consistent with the $N_2$ adsorption results with the BdB-FHH method. The surface area of pores form oxygen adsorption/desorption isotherm was higher than that from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method, which were respectively $612.7m^2/g$, and $573.3m^2/g$. X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns and TEM analyses showed that the mesoporous materials possess well-ordered hexagonal arrays.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.720-725
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• 2017

M(10)-Ni(5)/SBA-15(M=Ce, Nd, Sm) catalysts were prepared for the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas. The catalysts were characterized by BET, TEM, and XPS. The BET-specific surface area and average pore size for M(10)-Ni(5)/SBA-15(M=Ce, Nd, Sm) were 538.8, 504.3, and $447.3m^2/g$ and 6.4, 6.8, and 7.1 nm, respectively. TEM results showed that the mesoporous hexagonol structure was formed for SBA-15, while the homogeneous dispersion of Ni and Ce particles on the surface was formed for Ce(10)-Ni(5)/SBA-15 caused by the confinment effect of SBA-15. XPS data confirmed that $Ce^{4+}$ and $Ce^{3+}$ on the surface catalyst have two oxidation states due to the lattice oxygen species ($O^{2-}$, $O^-$). The yields of POM to syngas over Ce(10)-Ni(5)/SBA-15 were 52.9% $H_2$ and 21.7% CO at 1 atm, 973 K, $CH_4/O_2=2$, $GHSV=1.08{\times}10^5mL/g_{cat.}{\cdot}h$, and these values were kept constant even after 75 h on streams. The same tendency of syngas yields was observed for M(10)-Ni(5)/SBA-15(M=Ce, Nd, Sm). These results confirm that the redox reaction of promoters including Ce, Nd, and Sm enhanced the stability and yield of catalysts.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.24-30
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• 2009

Rare earth based calcium aluminate phosphor ($CaAl_2O_4:Eu^{2+}$, $Nd^{3+}$) supported $TiO_2$ nanoparticles are synthesized by using sol-gel method, which are further characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), diffuse reflectance UV-Visible spectroscopy (DRS UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD pattern of as-prepared and sintered phosphor supported $TiO_2$ does not show the tendency to change the crystal structure from anatase to rutile phase up to $600^{\circ}C$. This indicates that the phosphor support might inhibit the densification and crystallite growth by providing dissimilar boundaries. The diffuse reflectance spectral (DRS) measurements showed shift towards longer wavelength indicating reduction in the band-gap energy as compared to free $TiO_2$. The FT-IR spectra of phosphor supported $TiO_2$ nanoparticles show shift in the peak positions to lower wavelengths. This indicates that the $TiO_2$ nanoparticles are not free, but covalently bonded to the phosphor support. TEM micrographs show presence of crystalline and spherical $TiO_2$ nanoparticles (8 - 15 nm diameter) dispersed uniformly on the surface of phosphor.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2017

Chlorella is one of the microorganisms which can live autotrophically by their own photosynthesis. It was previously revealed that pre-treatment of Chlorella fusca caused a suppression of appressorium formation on the cucumber leaves after inoculation with Colletothrichum orbiculare. In this study, the ultrastructures of C. orbiculare on the cucumber leaves pretreated with C. fusca were observed using both scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM images revealed that most fungal conidia and hyphae were attached with lots of C. fusca cells. Also, the conidia could germinate but not form appressorium, which is necessary to penetrate into host tissue. These observations suggested that C. fusca adjoined to the fungus may play a role in suppression of the appressorium formation. On the other hand, the observations of TEM showed no remarkable cytological differences on the ultrastructures of the intracellular hyphae between in the pre-treated and untreated leaves. It seemed that the fungus could grow in the pre-treated plant tissues as in the untreated one. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the suppression of appressorium on the leaf surfaces by the C. fusca cells may be a main cause of the reduction of the anthracnose disease.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2015

CdS-QD particles are a nano-sized semiconducting crystal that emits light. Their optical properties show great potential in many areas of applications such as disease-diagnostic reagents, optical technologies, media industries and solar cells. The wavelength of emitting light depends on the particle size and thus the quality control of CdS-QD particle requires accurate determination of the size distribution. In this study, CdS-QD particles were synthesized by a simple ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation method. As a particle stabilizer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were added. In order to determine the size and size distribution of the CdS-QD particles, sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) was employed. Effects of carious parameters including the the flow rate, external field strength, and field programming conditions were investigated to optimize SdFFF for analysis of CdS-QD particles. The Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis show the primary single particle size was ~4 nm, TEM images indicate that the primarty particles were aggregated to form secondary particles having the mean size of about 159 nm. As the concentration of the stabilizer increases, the particle size tends to decrease. Mean size determined by SdFFF, TEM, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were 126, 159, and 152 nm, respectively. Results showed SdFFF may become a useful tool for determination of the size and its distribution of various types of inorganic particles.