• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from chicken feces. All isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin (E) and tetracycline (TE). Of the 63 Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) isolates, 73.0% were resistant to E and 98.4% to TE. Of the 44 Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) isolates, 50.0% were resistant to E and 95.5% to TE. Of the 52 S. aureus isolates, 57.6% were resistant to E and 96.2% to TE. The prevalence of two and three drugs resistance pattern were 28.6% and 17.5% of E. faecalis, 40.9% and 25.0% of E. faecium and 38.5% and 23.1% of S. aureus, respectively. The multiple resistance pattern to six drugs was observed in 1 E. faecalis isolates, and five drugs resistance pattern were seen in 1 E. faecalis, 1 E. faecium and 1 S. aureus isolates. The prevalence of resistant organisms in Korea probably reflects lack of proper antibiotic policy resulting in prolonged and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a novel voice activity detection (VAD) algorithm using feature vectors based on TE (teager energy). Specifically, power spectral deviation (PSD), which is used as the feature for the VAD in the IS-127 noise suppression algorithm, is obtained after the input signal is transfomed by Teager energy operator. In addition, the TE-based likelihhod ratio are derived in each frame to modifiy the PSD for further VAD. The performance of our proposed VAD algorithm are evaluated by objective testing (total error rate, receiver operating characteristics, perceptual evaluation of speech quality) under various environments, and it is found that the proposed method yields better results than conventional VAD algorithms in the non-stationary noise environments under 5 dB SNR (total error rate = 2.6% decrease, PESQ score = 0.053 improvement).

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.548-558
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• 2013

In this work, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to investigate soil samples collected from different desert areas of Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. Both qualitative analysis and plasma parameters are studied via the observed LIBS spectra. These experiments have been done using a Spectrolaser-7000 system with 50 mJ fundamental wavelength of Nd:YAG laser and detection delay time of 1 microsecond. Many spectral lines are highly resolved for many elements like Al, Fe, Mg, Si, Mn, Na, Ca and K. The electron temperatures Te and electron densities Ne, for the constituent of generated LIBS plasma, are determined for all the collected samples. It is found that both Te and Ne vary from one desert area to other. This variation is due to the change of the elemental concentration in different desert areas that affects the sample's matrices. Time dependent measurements have also been performed on the soil samples. While the signal-to-base ratio (SBR) reached its optimal value at 1 microsecond, the plasma parameters Ne and Te reach values of $4{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$ and 9235 K, respectively, at 2.5 microsecond. The later indicate that the plasma cooling processes are slow in comparison to the previously observed results for metallic samples. The observed results show also that in the future it is possible to enhance the exploitation of LIBS in the remote on-line environmental monitoring application, by following up only the values of Ne and Te for one element of the soil desert sample using an optical fiber probe.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1063-1074
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to the Sasang constitution (SC) and cold and heat pattern identification (CHPI). Methods: SC, CHPI, MetS, and component data were obtained from 2,561 participants in 26 Korean medical clinics from 2007 to 2013. SC, diagnosed by Korean medicine doctors, was confirmed by positive responses to herbal medicines administered according to that constitution. The CHPI was verified by a questionnaire about thermal sensitivity and drinking habits. The diagnosis criteria for MetS were: 1) waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm (male) and ≥80 cm (female); 2) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; 3) high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) <40 mg/dL (male) and <50 mg/dL (female); 4) blood pressure ≧130/85 mmHg; and 5) fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL. Odds ratios (ORs) and differences in MetS and its components were compared using logistic regression and ANCOVA. Results: The MetS prevalence rates were 54.1%, 22.0%, and 33.3% for Taeeumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY), respectively, and 30.5% and 44.5% for the cold and heat patterns, respectively. ANCOVA for MetS components showed significantly higher WC in TE than in SE or SY, and all components except HDL were higher in the heat pattern group than in the cold pattern group. Logistic regression for MetS prevalence showed a significant association between TE and the heat pattern group (OR=1.653) but not for non-TE and the cold pattern group. Conclusions: Considering SC and CHPI together may be more effective in managing MetS than considering SC alone.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.645-655
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• 2014

In order to obtain pure metallic Te from gold concentrate, roasting treatment, hypochlorite leaching, Fe removal and electrolysis experiments were carried out. The contents of Au, Ag and Te from the concentrate sample and roasted sample were much more soluble in the hypochlorite solution than in aqua regia digestion, whereas the metals Pb, Zn, Fe and Cu were easier to leach with the aqua regia than the hypochlorite. With the addition of NaOH in the hypochlorite leaching solution prior to electrolysis, the Fe removal rate achieved was only 96% in the concentrate sample, while it reached 98% in the roasted sample. The results of electrolysis for 240 min, 98% of the metallic copper was recovered from the concentrate sample, while 99% was obtained from the roasted sample due to the removal of S by roasting. The amount of anode slime was also greater in the electrolytic solution with the roasted sample than with the concentrate sample. The results on the anode slime after the magnetic separation process showed the amount of metallic pure native tellurium recovered was greater in the roasted sample than in the concentrate sample.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2023

This paper deposited CdTe thin films on ITO glass substrates using sputtering equipment while changing RF power. As a result of measuring the thickness of the thin film, 1481Å at 100W, 2985Å at 150W, and 4684Å at 200W. And the mobility was measured as 8.43 cm2/Vs for 100W, 7.91 cm2/Vs for 150W, and 6.57 cm2/Vs for 200W. It can be seen that the thickness and mobility of the thin film are inversely proportional. As a result of confirming the transmittance, the transmittance was 84% at 905nm for 100W, the transmittance was 71% at 825nm for 150W, and 77% at 874nm for 200W. At 100 W, the thickness of the thin film was thin, so the transmittance was measured to be high. In other words, the correlation between transmittance and thickness can be seen. As a result of measuring the FHWM and particle size by changing the RF Power, 100W was calculated as 0.18, 150W was calculated as 0.19, and 200W was calculated as 0.73. The size of the particles was formed at 8.47Å at 100W, 7.98Å at 150W, and 8.7Å, which is the largest at 200W. In conclusion, it was found that the FHWM and particle size were inversely proportional.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.146-152
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• 2011

Thermal stability of $Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$ (GST) and $SiO_2$ doped GST (SGST) films for phase change random access memory applications was investigated by observing the change of surface roughness, layer density and composition of both films after isothermal annealing. After both GST and SGST films were annealed at $325^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of GST was increased from 1.9 to 35.9 nm but that of SGST was almost unchanged. Layer density of GST also steeply decreased from 72.48 to 68.98 $g/cm^2$ and composition was largely varied from Ge : Sb : Te = 22.3 : 22.1 : 55.6 to 24.2 : 22.7 : 53.1, while those of SGST were almost unchanged. It was confirmed that the addition of a small amount of $SiO_2$ into GST film restricted the deterioration of physical and chemical properties of GST film, resulting in the better thermal stability after isothermal annealing.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2010

Sapphire resonators with $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-\delta}$ (YBCO) endplates have provided a way to realize extremely high quality factor due to the extremely low dielectric loss of sapphire and conductive loss of YBCO films, which enables to measure the low surface resistance of superconductor films at microwave frequencies. We present microwave properties of HTS sapphire resonators designed for measuring the surface resistance of HTS films at millimeter-wave frequencies by using the two-resonance mode dielectric resonator method. Despite enhanced surface resistance ($R_S$) of YBCO films due to the quadratic frequency dependence of the $R_S$, the unloaded quality factor ($Q_0$) of the $TE_{021}$ mode sapphire resonator still appears to be well above $1\;{\times}\;10^6$ at a mm-wave frequency of 38 GHz at 10 K. However, it appears that the $TE_{012}$ mode $Q_0$ is unexpectedly low despite that the corresponding resonance peak looks uncoupled with parasitic modes. We discuss possible reasons for the unexpected results using the surface resistance at the $TE_{021}$, $TE_{012}$, and $TE_{011}$ mode frequencies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.120-123
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• 2002

In this study it had an excellent optical characteristic, it followed in the creation rate and the refractive index regulation to the ease. Chalcogenide produced the $As_{45}Se_{45}Te_{10}$ thin film and the $MgF_{2}$ thin film. It measured thin film plan simulation, and the thin film has a 1 -dimensional photonic band gap. The chalcogenide $As_{45}Se_{45}Te_{10}$ thin film was measured with the fact that it has a high refractive index (2.6~2.9). The $As_{45}Se_{45}Te_{10}$ and $MgF_{2}$ thin film, have a high refractive index and a low refractive index, it used a simulation and planed period 5-pairs structure, the result was from 500nm to 800nm. It will be able to confirm the characteristic which most of the incidence light reflects, the He-Ne (632.8nm) laser was irradiated in the thin film which stabilized the thin film. $As_{45}Se_{45}Te_{10}$ (high refractive index layer: H) and $MgF_{2}$ (low refractive index layer: L) results which plans the thin film with glass/LHLHLLHLHL/air structure, 632.8nm against transmitance, increased a lot. An application possibility with the filter against a specific wave length was confirmed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.167-170
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• 2004

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CuGaT_2$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnance. Using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the $CuGaTe_2$ polycrystal, it was found tetragonal structure whose lattice constant $a_0$ and $c_0$ were 6.025 ${\AA}$ and 11.931 ${\AA}$, respectively. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CuGaTe_2$ mixed crystal was deposited on throughly etched semi-insulator GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $670^{\circ}C$ and $410^{\circ}C$ respectively, and the thickness of the single crystal thin films is $2.1{\mu}m$. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c - axis of the $CuGaTe_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit coupling ${\Delta}s.o$ and the crystal field splitting ${\Delta}cr$ were $0.079\underline{1}eV$ and $0.246\underline{3}eV$ at 10 K, respectively. From the PL spectra at 10K, the peaks corresponding to free bound excitons and D-A pair and a broad emission band due to SA is identified. The binding energy of the free excitons are determined to be $0.047\underline{0}eV$ and the dissipation energy of the donor-bound exciton and acceptor-bound exciton to be $0.049\underline{0}eV$, $0.055\underline{8}eV$, respectively.