• 약학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2006

The therapeutic effect of tissue cultured root of mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng) (tcMG) on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodaibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced toxicity in rat was investigated. The rats were assigned into three groups (10 rats/group), control, TCDD exposed group and tcMG treated group after TCDD exposed. $50\;{\mu}g/kg$ of TCDD was injected by i.p. for TCDD exposed group and 30 mg/kg of tcMG saponin was administered for 4 weeks by oral gavage for tcMG treated group. The weights of body, spleen, kidney, thymus, testes and epididymides were decreased in the single TCDD treatment. However these organs was significantly recovered by tcMG saponin except thymus (p<0.05). tcMG decreased the level of hepatic demage maker enzymes, AST and ALP. It also lowered total cholesterol and triglyceride. The level of serum triglyceride was significantly decreased in tcMG saponin treated group compared with the control. Histopathological examination revealed morphological change in the liver spleen, thymus and testes of TCDD treated rats. However they were relatively well preserved in the tcMG treatment group. In conclusion, TCDD induced toxicity was some repaired by tcMG. tcMG may be useful for prevention and treatment of TCDD induced toxicity.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.300-311
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• 1998

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the most notorious toxic environmental pollutants, induces various toxic effects in many organs including testes and is regarded as an endocrine disruptor. Korean ginseng, on the other hand, has been well known for its preventive effects on lox- ins, diabetes melltus and hyperlipidemia. We investigated, histopathologically, the effect of Korean Red ginseng water extract (KR-WE) on guinea pig testes damaged by TCDD. Ninety guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups: normal control (NC) group received vehicle and saline; TCDD,1191kg b.w., was administered intraperitoneally to the single dose TCDD-treated (77) group; 100 mghg b.w.16 and 200mg1kg b.w./d KR-WE were injected intraperitoneally to the preventive groups (PIOO and P2OO, respectively) for 28 days from 1 week before TCDD injection, and to the therapeutic groups (CIOO and C2OO, respectively) for 14 days since 1 week after TCDD administration. Increment of body weight was retarded to a larger extent by TCDD. Moreover, body weight of the 77 group decreased significantly 7 days after TCDD exposure, while that of preventive groups kept increasing. Decrease in body weight was not observed in KR-WE-treated groups. Weight decrease in testes caused by TCDD was remarkably protected by KR-WE. Testicles in 77 group displayed decreased tubular size and maturation arrest at the primary or secondary spermatocyte stage. On the other hand, maturation arrest in germ cells by TCDD was improved in KR-WE treated groups. Almost complete protection of the testes was observed in PIOO and P2OO groups. In addition, the therapeutic effect was noticed in C 100 and C2OO groups. These results provided strong evidence that Korean Red ginseng might be a useful agent for the prevention and treatment of testicular damage induced by environmental pollutants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2006

본 연구는 TCDD로 급성독성을 유도한 자정 기니픽의 대퇴골 무게감소에 대한 홍삼사포닌의 효과를 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 48 마리의 자성기니픽 ($820{\pm}25\;g$)을 6 군으로 나누어 정상군 (NC), TCDD 단독투여군 (TT), 사포닌 전투여 군 (PE10, 20), 사포닌후투여군 (CE10, 20)으로 나누었다. NC군은 vehicle과 saline 만을 투여하였고, TT군은 TCDD를 단회투여 ($5.0\;{\mu}g$, i.p) 하였다. PE10 및 20군은 TCDD 투여 1 주일 전부터 총 3 주동안 사포닌을 투여 (복강) 하였다. 반면 CE10 및 20군은 TCDD 투여한 직후부터 총 3 주동안 사포닌을 투여 (복강) 하였다. 사포닌 투여군의 체중변화를 살펴보면 TT군은 TCDD 투여후 유의적인 체중감소 현상이 관찰되었으나 PE10, 20 및 CE10, 20 등 사포닌 투여군에서는 TT군에 비해 체중이 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였다 . TCDD 투여는 지정기니픽의 대퇴골 무게를 유의적으로 감소시키는 반면 홍삼사포닌의 투여는 대퇴골 무게감소를 억제하는 경향을 보였다. 대퇴골 무게감소 억제현상은 PE20군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 대퇴골의 $Ca^{2+}$도 TT군은 NC군 대비 약 20.4% 감소하는데 반해 사포닌 투여군은 TT군 대비 $Ca^{2+}$ 함량이 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 홍삼사포닌은 TCDD에 의해 억제된 기니픽의 대퇴골 내 $Ca^{2+}$ 함량을 증가시킴으로써 대퇴골의 무게감소를 회복시키는 것으로 추론할 수 있겠다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2001년도 춘계심포지움 및 학술발표회
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• pp.121-121
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• 2001

Studies were carried out to compare the bioconcentrations of TCDD and PCB 126 in different sizes of Japanese medaka, and to examine the whole body elimination kinetics of TCDD and PCB 126 in juvenile Japanese medaka. For bioconcentration studies, different sizes of fry and juvenile medaka were exposed statically to varying doses of waterborne TCDD and PCB 126 for 96 hours. (omitted)

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.674-679
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• 2002

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continues to be a focus of research in human and various species. The main human exposure is via the dietary route. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Cornu Cervi Parvum extract on clinical parameters and hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat (SD rat) accutely exposured to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Male SD rats received single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of TCDD (40 ㎍/kg), and administered 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of the ethanol extract oral injection for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD treatment. The gain in body weight was less in group treated with TCDD than in CON group, while that of C/H+ TCDD group (Cornu Cervi Parvum extract 20 mg/kg/day) increased. The decrease in spleen and testis weight caused by TCDD was prevented by Cornu Cervi Parvum extract 20 mg/kg/day. The fluctuation in BUN content, WBC and platelet count by TCDD intoxication were significantly attenuated by the ethanol extract treatment (20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks). Treatments of rats with the extract (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) were significantly reduced AST and ALT levels compared with TCDD-treated group. Moderate swelling of hepatocytes, hyperchromatism, acidophilic cytoplasm and cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed in TCDD-treated animals (TCDD group). The administration of EtOH extract 10 or 20 mg/kg along with TCDD significantly alleviated the liver histopathological alteration induced by TCDD. These results suggest that Cornu Cervi Parvum extract can be useful as a protective agent against TCDD, an endocrine disruptor.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.94-94
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• 2003

Endocrine disrupters (EDs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with the production, releasing, metabolism, excretion, binding of natural hormones, and whole endocrine systems. EDs are very dangerous since they are extremely stable, not easily degraded, and accumulated in fat and tissue. 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known as the most toxic EDs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of TCDD on proliferation of human breast cancer (MCF-7) and endometrial adenocarcinoma (Hec-1B) cells. 10, 100, and 1000 nM of TCDD were treated with steroid free condition. Viable cell counting, MTT, and BrdU assay was performed to investigate cell proliferation. Apoptosis was investigated using DNA laddering. Although, DNA fragmentation as the evidence of apoptosis was not detected, all of these cell lines showed restricted proliferation at 48 hrs after 100 and 1000 nM TCDD treatments. Recently, it has been reported that the expression of transforming growth factor $\beta$s (TGF-$\beta$s) are increased in TCDD treatment and also involved in regulation of cell cycle. Therefore, these results were considered that the decreased cell prolifcration by TCDD is related to the expression of TGF-$\beta$s.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2003

The effects of estrogen on apoptosis induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-doxin (TCDD) were examined in cultured MCF-7 cells. TCDD stimulated apoptosis and inhibited the expression of bcl-2 gene in MCF-7 cells grown in the media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. However, TCDD failed to induce apoptosis if cells were grown in the media deprived of all estrogen-like compounds. Removal of estrogen-like compounds from the growth media also led to the activation of bcl-2 gene expression in cells treated with TCDD. Combined treatment of estrogen with TCDD abrogated the binding of Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)-TCDD complex to Dioxin response element (DRE) of bcl-2 gene leading to the inhibition of bcl-2 gene expression as well as stimulation of apoptosis. The present study suggests that the binding of estrogen receptor (ER)-estrogen complex to the estrogen responsive element (E) interferes with the binding of AhR- TCDD complex to the DRE and inhibits the bcl-2 expression.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

In this study, we obtained the fertilized eggs from goldfish(Carassius auratus) and observed normal developmental stage(from fertilized eggs to larvae) in non-exposed groups. Goldfish embryos at 3 h postfertilization(hpf) were statically exposed for 1 h to either dimethylsufoxide(DMSO, 0.1%, v/v) or TCDD($0.5{\mu}g/L$). Toxicity and morphological changes were characterized from 3 to 120 h postfertilization(hpf). Egg mortality($0{\sim}48$ hpf) and hatching ratio($72{\sim}83$ hpf) in TCDD-exposed group were significantly different from control groups. However, pericardial edema was first observed at 72 hpf, followed by the onset of yolk sac edema and mortality. In addition, goldfish embryos-larvae exposed to TCDD significantly increased TCDD-related gene such as CYP1A($24{\sim}72$ hpf) and AhR2(72 hpf). This is the first study about in-depth characterization of TCDD-induced developmental toxicity in goldfish(Carassius auratus).

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of crude ginseng saponin (CGS) on blood chemical parameters in adult female guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A total of 80 guinea pigs (800$\pm$20g) were divided into 8 groups: group 1 (normal control group) was given vehicle (corn oil containing small amount of acetone and DMSO) and saline; group 2 (single TCDD-treated) received TCDD (1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.p.) and saline (i.p.); groups 3 and 4 were administered CGS at a daily i.p. doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 4 weeks, respectively; groups 5 and 6 were administered CGS (10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) for 5 weeks starting 1 week before TCDD-exposure; groups 7 and 8 were administered CGS (10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) for 3 weeks from 1 week after TCDD-exposure. CGS was prepared by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography. Body weights of G2 were significantly decreased from the and week after TCDD-exposure (P<0.01). Body weights of the CGS-treated groups were also decreased by TCDD-exposure but the weight loss was greatly retarded compared with that of G2. Increase in blood glucose, amylase, lipase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and LDL-cholesterol levels by TCDD exposure was significantly attenuated by the CCS-treatment (P<0.05). From these results, we found that saponin, the main active ingredient of gineseng, played a protective role in TCDD-induced toxicity and ginseng protected female animals from dioxin-induced toxic manifestation.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.172-172
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• 2003

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a prototype of many halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, is a ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminant and displays high toxicity in animals and has been implicated in human carcinogenesis. Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis by TCDD is unclear, it is considered to be a non-genotoxic and tumor promoter. In this study, we investigated the tumor promotion effect of TCDD on the two-stage skin chemical carcinogenesis using hairless mouse (SKH1). We induced papillomas after treatment with N-methyl -N'-nitro-N-nitorsoguanidine (MNNG) as a initiator and TCDD as a promoter for 30 weeks. We found that the incidence or multiplicity of papillomas and hyperplastic nodules was maximally induced at MNNG-TCDD group compare to control, MNNG, and TCDD alone. These results suggesting that TCDD can acts as a potent promoter in the hairless mouse skin. In addition, we used cDNA microarray to detect the differential gene expression in normal, tumor surrounding, and tumor regions induced in hairless mouse skin by MNNG plus TCDD protocol. We found that 49 and 42 genes out of 5,592 genes associated with protein synthesis, cell organization, lipid transport and oxidative stress in tumor and surrounding regions were up- or down- regulated two fold or more, respectively. We are currently investigating how these genes play a role in TCDD-mediated chemical carcinogenesis.