• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 2013

Objective: To evaluate correlations between serum anti-M${\ddot{u}}$llerian hormone (AMH) levels, phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, and metabolic parameters in patients with PCOS. Methods: A total of 175 patients with PCOS were diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Consensus were included. Exclusion criteria were age over 40, FSH>25 mIU/mL, and 17a-OHP>1.5 ng/mL. The Phenotypes of PCOS were divided into a severe form (oligo-anovulation, ANOV/hyperandrogenism/polycystic ovary morphology [PCOM]; n=59) and a mild form without HA (ANOV/PCOM, n=105). The serum AMH levels were classified into 3 groups (<5 vs. 5-10 vs. >10 ng/mL). Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ${\geq}25kg/m^2$ (n=34). Results: The mean age was $25.9{\pm}5.7$ year and mean AMH level was $10.1{\pm}5.4$ ng/mL. The BMI ($kg/m^2$) was higher in group 1 ($24.2{\pm}6.3$) than in group 2 ($21.9{\pm}4.3$, p=0.046) or group 3 ($21.6{\pm}3.3$, p=0.019). There was no difference among the three groups in age, menstrual interval, antral follicle counts, androgens, or other metabolic parameters. The obesity group showed significantly lower AMH ($7.7{\pm}3.9$ ng/mL vs. $10.7{\pm}5.6$ ng/mL), p=0.004) and low-density lipoprotein levels ($93.1{\pm}21.2$ mg/dL vs. $107.5{\pm}39.3$ mg/dL, p=0.031), and showed higher total T ($0.74{\pm}0.59$ L vs. $0.47{\pm}0.36$ ng/mL, p=0.001), free T ($2.01{\pm}1.9$ vs. $1.04{\pm}0.8$ pg/mL, p=0.0001), and free androgen index ($6.2{\pm}7.9$ vs. $3.5{\pm}3.0$, p=0.003). After controlling for age factors and BMI, the serum AMH levles did not show any significant correlations with other hormonal or metabolic parmeters. Conclusion: For PCOS patients under the age 40, serum AMH is not negatively correlated with age. High serum AMH levels can not predict the phenotype of PCOS and metabolic disturbances in PCOS patients in the non-obese group. Further study might be needed to define the relation more clearly.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.221-233
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• 1997

The studies were carried out to investigate the changes in the activities of glucose, ALT, ALP, GGT, cholesterol, $T_3$, and cortisol among the serum when the dogs were administered the prednisolone acetate. The experiments were designed to 3 groups and twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 8 dogs each. In groups I, each dog was injected 1mg of prednisolone acetate/kg/day for 14 days, intramuscularly. In groups II, 10mg of prednisolone acetate/kg/day for 14 days. And in the control group, 0.1ml of saline daily for 14 days. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In group I, II and control, mean serum glucose activities remained in the normal range during the study. 2. In group I, mean serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activities slowly increased until day 3, than reached the maximum(317IU/l) until day 21, and then decreased in 32.3IU/l until day 40(p<0.005). In group II, reached the maximum(184IU/l) until day 3, and gradually decreased in 140IU/l until day 54(p<0.001). 3. In group I, mean serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities reached the maximum (786IU/l) until day 12 and gradually decreased in 153IU/l until day 47(p<0.001). In group II, reached the maximum(381IU/l) until day 24 and rapidly decreased in the range of control until day 33. 4. In group I, mean serum GGT activities reached the maximum(29.3IU/l) until day 12, and slowly decreased in the range of control until day 47(p<0.005). In group II, reached the maximun(102IU/l) until day 54(p<0.005). 5. Mean serum cholesterol activities of group I decreased than those of control(p<0.05). In group II, decreased than those of control(p<0.05). 6. In group I, mean serum $T_3$ activities reached the maximum(32.8ng/dl) until day 12 and increased in the range of control until day 21(p<0.05). In group II, gradually decreased in 25.1ng/dl until day 12, then decreased under the level of 25ng/dl from day 15 to day 40, and then gradually increased but remained under the range of control(p<0.001). 7. In group I, mean serum cortisol activities slowly decreased and reached the minimum($0.4{\mu}g/dl$) until day 18(p<0.001), and then increased in the range of control until day 47. In group II, rapidly increased and reached the maximum($22.1{\mu}g/dl$) until day 12(p<0.05), but decreased to the minimum($0.64{\mu}g/dl$) until day 40, and then increased in the range of control until day 47.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2019

This study described the status of snack intake and personality of middle school students, determined the differences in snack intake and personality according to gender and grade levels, and examined the effect of snack intake on personality. Data were collected from a self-reported survey from students of a middle school in Gwangju city and 717 questionnaires used for the analyses. The data were analyzed for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's α, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/PC 18.0 program. The results obtained were as follows. First, as for the snack intake frequency, '1~2 times per a day' had the largest number of responses(42.3%), followed by 'sometimes'(37.6%), '2~3 times per a day'(12.6%), 'never'(7.5%). As for the reason of snack intake, 'habitually'(27.3%) had the largest number of responses, followed by 'insufficient amount of meal'(21.0%), 'skipping meals'(13.6%), and 'stress relief'(8.2%). Mean score of agreeableness was the highest(3.64) among the personality components followed by Openness/intellect(3.42), Extraversion(3.36), Conscientiousness(3.15), and Emotional Stability(3.09) on the 5-point scale. Second, there were statistically significant differences in Emotional Stability depending on the gender. There were statistically significant differences in Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness/intellect by the grade level. Third, fruit intake frequency had statistically significant influence on Extraversion(β=.134). Intake frequency of bread(β=-.099), fruit(β=.142), ice cream(β=.092), and rice cake(β=.090) had statistically significant influence on Agreeableness. Intake frequency of bread(β=.105), drink(β=-.113), fruit(β=.113), and flour-based food(β=-.126) had statistically significant influence on Emotional Stability. Intake frequency of fruit(β=.106) and milk(β=.110) had statistically significant influence on Openness/intellect. Intake frequency of fruit had statistically positive influence on all the personality components. Intake frequency of rice cake had statistically positive influence on two personality components. Intake frequency of drinks had statistically negative influence on Emotional Stability. The outcomes indicate that snack intake affects the personality of adolescents.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1999

Background: Patients with acute non-traumatic chest pain are among the most challenging patients for care by emergency physicians, so the correct diagnosis and triage of patients with chest pain in the emergency department(ED) becomes important. To avoid discharging patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) without medical care, most emergency physicians attempt to admit almost all patients with acute chest pain and order many laboratory tests for the patients. But in practice, many patients with non-cardiac pain can be discharged with simple tests and treatment. These patients occupy expensive intensive care beds, substantially increasing financial cost and time of stay at ED for the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia and AMI. Despite vigorous efforts to identify patients with ischemic heart disease, approximately 2% to 5% of patients presented to the ED with AMI and chest pain are inadvertently discharged. If the cause for the chest pain is known, rapid and accurate diagnosis can be implemented, preventing wastes in time and money and inadvertent discharge. Methods and Results: The medical records of 488 patients from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1997 were reviewed. There were 320(angina pectoris 140, AMI 128) cases of cardiac diseases, and 168(atypical chest pain 56, pneumothorax 47) cases of non-cardiac diseases. The number of associated symptoms were $1.1{\pm}0.9$ in non-cardiac diseases, $1.4{\pm}1.1$ in cardiac diseases and $1.7{\pm}1.1$ in AMI(p<0.05). In laboratory finding the sensitivity of electrocardiography(EKG) was 96.1%, while the sensitivity of myoglobin test ranked 45.1%. Admission rate was 71.6% in for cardiac diseases and 50.6% for non-cardiac diseases(p<0.01). Mortality rate was 8.8% in all cases, 13.8% in cardiac diseases, 0.6% in non-cardiac diseases, and 28.1% especially in AMI. Conclusion: In conclusion, all emergency physicians should have thorough knowledge of the clinical characteristics of the diseases which cause non-traumatic chest pain, because a patient with any of these life-threatening diseases would require immediate treatment. Detailed history on the patient should be taken and physical examination performed. Then, the most simple diagnostic approach should be used to make an early diagnosis and to provide treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2008

Purpose: At the beginning of PET/CT, Computed Tomography was mainly used only for Attenuation Correction (AC), but as the performance of the CT have been increase, it could give improved diagnostic information with Contrast Media. But it was controversial that Contrast Media could affect AC on PET/CT scan. Some submitted thesis' show that Contrast Media could overestimate when it is for AC data processing. On the contrary, the opinion that Contrast Media could be possible to affect the alteration of SUV because of the overestimated AC. But it does not have a definite effect on the diagnosis. Thus, the affection of Contrast Media on AC was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Patient inclusion criteria required a history of a malignancy and performance of an integrated PET/CT scan and contrast- enhanced CT scan within a 1-day period. Thirty oncologic patients who had PET/CT scan from December 2007 to June 2008 underwent staging evaluation and met these criteria. All patients fasted for at least 6 hr before the IV injection of approximately 5.6 MBq/kg (0.15 mCi/kg) of $^{18}F$-FDG and were scanned about 60 min after injection. All patients had a whole body PET/CT performed without IV contrast media followed by a contrast-enhanced CT on the Discovery STe PET/CT scanner. CT data were used for AC and PET images came out after AC. The ROIs drew and measured SUV. A paired t-test of these results was performed to assess the significance of the difference between the SUV obtained from the two attenuation corrected PET images. Results: The mean and maximum Standardized Uptake Values (SUV) for different regions averaged over all Patients. Comparing before using Contrast Media and after using, Most of ROIs have the increased SUV when it did Contrast Enhanced CT compare to Non-Contrast enhanced CT. All regions have increased SUV and also their p value was under 0.05 except the mean SUV of the Heart region. Conclusion: In this regard, the effect on SUV measurements that occurs when a contrast-enhanced CT is used for attenuation correction could have significant clinical ramifications. But some submitted thesis insisted that the percentage change in SUV that can determine or modify clinical management of oncology patients is small. Because there was not much difference that could be discovered by interpreter. But obviously the numerical change was occurred and on the stage finding primary region, small change would be base line, such as the region of liver which has greater change than the other regions needs more attention.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.5-19
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• 1998

Introduction: Direct histologic and bacteriologic examination of a representative specimen of lung tissue is the only certain method of providing an accurate diagnosis in various pulmonary diseases including diffuse pulmonary diseases. The purpose of national survey was to define the indication, incidence, effectiveness, safety and complication of open and thoracoscopic lung biopsy in korea. Methods: A multicenter registry of 37 university or general hospitals equipped more than 400 patient's bed were retrospectively collected and analyzed for 3 years from the January 1994 to December 1996 using the same registry protocol. Results: 1) There were 511 cases from the 37 hospitals during 3 years. The mean age was 50.2 years(${\pm}15.1$ years) and men was more prevalent than women(54.9% vs 45.9%). 2) The open lung biopsy was performed in 313 cases(62%) and thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed in 192 cases(38%). The incidence of lung biopsy was more higher in diffuse lung disease(305 cases, 59.7%) than in localized lung disease(206 cases, 40.3%) 3) The duration after abnormalities was found in chest X-ray until lung biopsy was 82.4 days(open lung biopsy: 72.8 days, thoracoscopic lung biopsy: 99.4 days). The bronchoscopy was performed in 272 cases(53.2%), bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 123 cases(24.1%) and percutaneous lung biopsy was performed in 72 cases(14.1%) before open or thoracoscopic lung biopsy. 4) There were 230 cases(45.0%) of interstitial lung disease, 133 cases(26.0%) of thoracic malignancies, 118 cases(23.1%) of infectious lung disease including tuberculosis and 30 cases (5.9 %) of other lung diseases including congenital anomalies. No significant differences were noted in diagnostic rate and disease characteristics between open lung biopsy and thoracoscopic lung biopsy. 5) The final diagnosis through an open or thoracoscopic lung biopsy was as same as the presumptive diagnosis before the biopsy in 302 cases(59.2%). The identical diagnostic rate was 66.5% in interstitial lung diseases, 58.7% in thoracic malignancies, 32.7% in lung infections, 55.1 % in pulmonary tuberculosis, 62.5% in other lung diseases including congenital anomalies. 6) One days after lung biopsy, $PaCO_2$ was increased from the prebiopsy level of $38.9{\pm}5.8mmHg$ to the $40.2{\pm}7.1mmHg$(P<0.05) and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ was decreased from the prebiopsy level of $380.3{\pm}109.3mmHg$ to the $339.2{\pm}138.2mmHg$(P=0.01). 7) There was a 10.1 % of complication after lung biopsy. The complication rate in open lung biopsy was much higher than in thoracoscopic lung biopsy(12.4% vs 5.8%, P<0.05). The incidence of complication was pneumothorax(23 cases, 4.6%), hemothorax(7 cases, 1.4%), death(6 cases, 1.2%) and others(15 cases, 2.9%). 8) The 5 cases of death due to lung biopsy were associated with open lung biopsy and one fatal case did not describe the method of lung biopsy. The underlying disease was 3 cases of thoracic malignancies(2 cases of bronchoalveolar cell cancer and one malignant mesothelioma), 2 cases of metastatic lung cancer, and one interstitial lung disease. The duration between open lung biopsy and death was $15.5{\pm}9.9$ days. 9) Despite the lung biopsy, 19 cases (3.7%) could not diagnosed. These findings were caused by biopsy was taken other than target lesion(5 cases), too small size to interpretate(3 cases), pathologic inability(11 cases). 10) The contribution of open or thoracoscopic lung biopsy to the final diagnosis was defininitely helpful(334 cases, 66.5%), moderately helpful(140 cases, 27.9%), not helpful or impossible to judge(28 cases, 5.6%). Overall, open or thoracoscopic lung biopsy were helpful to diagnose the lung lesion in 94.4 % of total cases. Conclusions: The open or thoracoscopic lung biopsy were relatively safe and reliable diagnostic method of lung lesion which could not diagnosed by other diagnostic approaches such as bronchoscopy. We recommend the thoracoscopic lung biopsy when the patients were in critical condition because the thoracoscopic biopsy was more safe and have equal diagnostic results compared with the open lung biopsy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 1974

In order to prepare the mashing materials for "Takju", Korean wine, with potatoes they were steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D_{40^{\circ}}{^{30{\prime}}}$ 128 W.V. and 13.2 A. U. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes wereas follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol fusel oil and Formal nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidities of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%) 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formal nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bateria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8$, $1.5{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes (4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.133-140
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyse the properties of leisure activity and the life satisfaction in the case of Korea Science Academy(KSA) students and Min Jok Leadership Academy(MLA) students. The participants consisted of KSA students(male:122, female:44) and MLA students(male:71, female:113) with voluntary consent. We had achieved the following results. 1) For leisure activity, KSA and MLA's male students showed the highest ratio for participation in the sports, KSA's female students in the taste-culture activity and MLA's female students in the sight-seeing. 2) The response showed that stress treatment was the principal reason of leisure activity's need. 3) Over 50% of the male students were satisfied with the present leisure activity but 12% of the KSA male students and 14% of the MLA female 14% answered to the "unsatisfactory" or "very unsatisfactory". 4) Mental stress treatment showed the highest ratio in the response to the question asking the principal straight motive of leisure activity. 5) 75$\sim$80% students considered the leisure activity as an important means to maintain health and physical fitness. 6) Though most students participated in the activities with friends, 30% of the students answered that they participate by themselves. 7) It was shown that 51% and 40% of KSA male and female students, 40% of MLA male students and 48% of MLA female students participated in leisure Activity planlessly. 8) The average leisure time of the most students was less than 2 hours a day and Male students were observed to have more leisure time than female, and KSA students to have more time than MLA students. 9) In weekdays, KSA's male students enjoyed mostly the sport for leisure activity, but taste-culture activity showed the highest ratio in the case of MLA students and KSA female students. 10) In the case of male students, 38% of KSA and 54% students of MLA did not play computer game at all, and 70% of the female students in total did not play computer game. Also, the proper control-method was in need because the result showed that KSA's male students spent more time in playing computer game than MLA's male students did. 61% of KSA female students and 53% of MLA female students answered that they did not play compute game at all during weekends. Whereas It showed that 26% of KSA male students played computer game over 3 hours during weekends. 11) The biggest reason for being unable to participate in the leisure activity was the insufficiency of time due to homework or studying for quiz. The laziness also showed high percentage of 19$\sim$25% varying between the groups. 12) The life satisfaction of KSA male students was visibly higher(p<.05) than that of MLA male students but the significantly difference wasn't shown in the case of female students.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-87
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables when Uchi-mata(inner thigh reaping throw) performing by Kumi-kata(engagement position, basic hold) types A, B(A: grasping part-behind neck lapel, B: chest lapel) in Judo with three dimensional analysis technique DLT method by videography. The subjects were four male judokas who have been training in Yong-In University(YIU), on Korean Representative level and Uchi-mata is their tokui-nage(favorite technique), the throwing form was filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video camera( 30frame/sec. Panasonic). Kinematic variables were temporal, posture, and COG. The data collection was performing by Uchi-mata. Six good trials were collected for each condition (type A, B) among over 10 trials. The mean values and the standard deviation for each variable were obtained and used as basic factors for examining characteristics of Uchi-mata by Kumi-kata types. The results of this analysis were as follows : 1) Temporal variables The total time elapsed(TE) by Uchi-mata of types A, B were 1.45, 1.56 sec. respectively. Types A shorter than B. 2) Posture variables In performing of Uchi-mata, the range of flexion in type A, left elbow was $45^{\circ}$ and B was $89^{\circ}$ from Event 2(E2) to Event 6(E6). Type A and B were quite different in right elbow angle in Event1(E1). Left shoulder angle of type A was extended and type B was flexed in E4. Both types right shoulder angles were showed similar pattern. Also both hip angles(right/left) were showed similar pattern. When type A performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $142^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of kake phase[KP], and extended to $147^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $86^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $126^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $132^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $106^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $121^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. When type B performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $144^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $154^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $92^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $132^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $140^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $103^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $115^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. During Uchi-mata performing, type A showed pulling pattern and type B showed lift-pulling pattern. As Kumi-kata types, it were different to upper body(elbow, shoulder angle), but mostly similar to lower body(hip, knee, ankle angle) on both types. 3) C. O. G. variables When the subjects performed Uchi-mata, COG of type A, B up and down in vertical aspect was 71cm, 73.8cm in height from the foot in the 2nd stage of KP. As Kumi-kata types, it were different on medial-lateral direction aspect but weren't different in Kuzushi phase on vertical direction aspect.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 1983

This study, in order to improve clinical and practical trainings in the education of radiologic technologists, applies to 76 medical institutions of 91 ones which are used as the hospitals of clinical and practical training in 9 existing junior colleges except 3 new ones of 12 ones throughout all over the country from November 1, in 1982 to April 30, in 1983. And the purpose of this study is to research the percent conditions of basic practical trainings and clinical ones enforced in each college, and the percent conditions, equipments, contents, and opinions in clinical and practical trainings enforced in each hospital. The results are summarized as follows; 1. In the case of junior colleges in the whole country the curriculum of basic practical trainings averages 336.66 hours and the limits are between 120 and 510 hours. The actual hours in practice average 140 hours and the limits are between 60 and 240 hours, which correspond to 41.58% of the curriculum of basic practical trainings. 2. There were three junior colleges among nine that had a reserved hospital for clinical and practical trainings(only 33.33%). 3. The period of the practice was almost vacation in 4 junior colleges. The practice was conducted only for students to want the practice(44.45%), junior colleges that all students in them conducted the practice was 2 junior colleges and presented 22.22%. 4. In the field of students engaging in the practice, each field of radiation therapy and nuclear medicine presented 16.5%, 20.3% and almost students didin't have experience for the practice. 5. In medical institutions the educational institutions for intern showed 67.11%. Hospital with radiologist showed 26.32%. Radiotechnologist who had experience below 5 years presented 60.17%. 6. In the equipment for radiation diagnosis, each hospital had no difference. The number of hospitals passessing diagnostic equipments above 125 KVP was 56.26%. But radiation therapy equipment and nuclear medicine equipment had extremely low rate. 7. In the diagnosis of patient in the practice hospital, conventional radiography-to Skull, Chest, Abdomen, Skeleton, Urogenital system-reached the criterion. But special radiography was comparatively low. There appeared low rate, 32.89% in the field of nuclear medicine, 15.79% in the field of radiation therapy. 8. Students who carried out the practice were 1-89 students, days in practice were 1-30 days. There were differences in that point among among hospitals. Junior colleges conducting the practice were 2 colleges per hospital. Scope of the object were 1-8 junior colleges. 9. The practice conducted for the request of the colleges presented 72.37%, in addition, The prctices were conducted for growth of the younger generation and the same coperation with the colleges establishment of sisterhood with the colleges, relationship with students. 10. The practice conducted without the establishment of plan presented 59.21% The need for guiding book to the practice and evaluating was recognized over 90%. 11. In the relation between the practice with achievement of credit. There were big differences in opinion between hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group; hospital-Group had opinion that must follow achievement of credit with the practice. The colleges-Group had opinion that must conduct the practice after achieving credit. 12. After conducting the practice, in the practice leaders satisfaction degree dissatisfactory opinion presented the most rate 80.26%. Very much satisfactory opinion, as one hospital, presentd only 1.32%. 13. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the practice leader must have actual experiences, lectures and achievement, an opinion that actual experiences is over 5 years. 14. In the guide of human relation, cooperation, responsibility, courtesy to patients. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the guide must be involved in the period of the practice and must be instructed.