• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2012

Objective : In the pediatric population the skull has not yet undergone ossification and it is assumed that the diagnostic rate of skull fractures by simple X-rays are lower than that of adults. It has been recently proposed that the diagnostic rates of skull fractures by 3-dimensional computer tomography (3D-CT) are higher than simple X-rays. The authors therefore attempted to compare the diagnostic rates of pediatric skull fractures by simple X-rays and 3D-CTs with respect to the type of fracture. Methods : One-hundred patients aged less than 12 years who visited the Emergency Center for cranial injury were subject to simple X-rays and 3D-CTs. The type and location of the fractures were compared and Kappa statistical analysis and the t-test were conducted. Results : Among the 100 pediatric patients, 65 were male and 35 were female. The mean age was $50{\pm}45$ months. 63 patients had simple skull fractures and 22 had complex fractures, and the types of fractures were linear fractures in 74, diastatic fractures 15, depressed fractures in 10, penetrating fracture in 1, and greenstick fractures in 3 patients. Statistical difference was observed for the predictive value of simple skull fractures' diagnostic rate depending on the method for diagnosis. A significant difference of the Kappa value was noted in the diagnosis of depressed skull fractures and diastatic skull fractures. Conclusion : In the majority of pediatric skull fractures, 3D-CT showed superior diagnosis rates compared to simple skull X-rays and therefore 3D-CT is recommended whenever skull fractures are suspected. This is especially true for depressed skull fractures and diastatic skull fractures.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.717-726
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to examine the degree of knowledge and compliance of breast self-examination with women. The subjects for this study were 474 women aged 35-65 receiving health examination from Yonsu-ku Public Health Service Center in Inchon. Data collection was conducted through the use of 2 questionnaires. Analysis of the data was done by used of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There were significant differences in the breast self-examination compliance rate according to age(F=5.82, p=.000), marital status(F=2.67, p=.047), educational level (F=5.83, p=.000) and household income (F=3.41, p=.018). 2. The correct answer rate for each items of breast self-examination knowledge scale was between 14.1% of a minimum rate and 65.0% for a maximum rate of 100. The degree of knowledge for relation of breast cancer and menopause, the time of the highest occurance of breast cancer, the best time of breast self-examination and inspection methods of breast self-examination shows relatively low understanding. 3. The average score of breast self-examination was 1.34 from a maximum score of 6. The score of breast self-examination with palpation methods was higher than with inspection methods. 4. A positive correlation was found between breast self-examination knowledge and compliance rate (r=.417, p=.001). According to the results, it is necessary to provide knowledge of the relationship of breast cancer and menopause, the time of the highest occurance of breast cancer, and the best time of breast self-examination and inspection methods of breast self-examination. Also, it is necessary to provide detail guidance for inspection methods and develop a program for promoting the compliance of breast self-examination.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.635-646
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand clinical nurses' level of information retrieval skill and its influence on evidence based practice (EBP). Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected from a convenient sample of 492 nurses working at 5 university hospitals in Korea. The Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. Results: The mean score for information retrieval skill and EBP competency were respectively $2.81{\pm}0.64$ and $3.98{\pm}0.86$. Two step hierarchical regression analysis showed that attendance at academic conference (p = .036) and information retrieval skill (p<.001) were significant factors of EBP competency, information retrieval skill explained about 19% of total variance of EBP competency. Conclusion: Nurse need to increased fundamental information retrieval skill for EBP competency. Therefore, it is important to increase nurses' information retrieval skills by tailoring continuing EBP education modules. It would be also advisable to develop centralized systems for the internal dissemination of research findings for the use of nursing staff.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5517-5522
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• 2014

Oral contraceptive use is the most common type of contraception. More than 300 million women worldwide take oral contraceptives every day. However, there is a concern about the relationship with the incidence of cancer. This analytical retrospective study aimed to investigate the relationship between the incidence of cervical and breast cancers and oral contraceptive use in 128 Iranian patients with cervical cancer, 235 with breast cancer and equal numbers of controls. Data were collected through interviews with an organized set of questions. Details were also extracted from patient files. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. The result revealed correlations between both cervical and breast cancers and history of contraceptive pills use. While cervical cancer significantly correlated with duration of use of pills, breast cancer had significant correlations with the type of oral contraceptive and age at first use. No significant relationships were found between the two types of cancer and age at discontinuation of oral contraceptives, patterns of use, and intervals from the last use. The use of oral contraceptives may triple the incidence of cervical cancer and doubles the incidence of breast cancer. Therefore, performing Pap smears every six months and breast cancer screening are warranted for long-term oral contraceptive users.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5937-5940
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• 2014

Background: This study was conducted as a descriptive-correlational exercise with the aim of determining the effect of student perceptions of social skills on their pro and con perceptions of smoking. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised 106 students at $6^{th}$, $7^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ grades in three primary schools. The data were collected through socio-demographic data collection form, Social Skill Perception Form and Child Decisional Balance Scale. Data were evaluated by percentage calculation, Student t test and correlation analysis. Results: While the point average of pro perception of smoking of the students with a high point average of social skill perception, was $8.6{\pm}3.1$, in those with a low social skill perception point average it was $10.7{\pm}4.2$, the difference being significant(p=0.012). The respective point averages of con perceptions were $26.8{\pm}3.7$ and $23.5{\pm}3.3$, again significant (p=0.000). While a positive medium level (r=0.410) relationship was determined between the point average of social skill perception and con perception of smoking, a negative low level (r=0.281) relationship was determined with the pro perception of smoking. Conclusions: As the social skill perception point average increases, children's con perceptions of smoking increase and their pro perceptions decrease.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

As a tool of programming education, a robot is effective in creative problem solving abilities and logical thinking skills. It also provides practical, operational learning experience to learners, when using as a tool of learning, it can help learners' specific understanding for the contents of education and lead to an active participation in learning. This research focuses on the robot's instrumental use in the mathematics class. So the lesson activities with relation to the fourth grade math curriculum were developed after the functional analysis of the robot and the extraction of educational utilization with function. The result shows that there wasn't a significant difference in achievement test but there was a positive response in the most of the survey items. It shows that robots lead to an active participation in class, to be interested in math class and were helpful to understand math concepts. There was also a positive response in the result of learner interviews such as dynamic, collaborative communication, experiential, practical lessons that are rare sights in normal math class.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.35-46
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• 2008

Objectives : Chronic pain affects and is affected by physical and psychosocial factors. It also has a complicated and indefinite mechanism. This research is for clarifying relations with chronic pain, stress, and autonomic nerve system by comparing HRV and Stress Reaction Index(SRI) of chronic pain patients with those of acute pain patients. Methods : The subjects were 32 patients who visited Kangnam Kyunghee Hospital for nuchal pain or low back pain treatment from March 2008 to September 2008. Among them, 16 patients who suffered over 6 months are classified chronic pain group and 16 patients who suffered under 6 months as acute pain group. All subjects had their HRV(SA-2000E: Medicore Co..Ltd. Korea) and SRI measured at first visit. We studied the difference of HRV between two groups.(Statistics by Student t-test, p<0.05) Results : R-MSSD, TP, VLF, LF, HF and LF/HF ratio of the chronic pain group were significantly lower than those of the acute pain group. Compared with those of the acute pain group, total SRI of the chronic pain group were low but it's not significant except frustration. Conclusion : The results of HRV of the chronic pain group patients show that chronic pain is related to psychosocial factor and autonomic disturbance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.563-575
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between self-efficacy and self-care of hemodialysis patients. The subjects consisted of 140 hemodialysis patients who underwent hemodialysis at 2 university hospitals. The data were collected by questionnaires and chart review. The questinnaire used the self-efficacy tool developed by Kim Ju Hyune(1995) and the self-care tool developed by literature review and indepth open openended questions to 10 patients. Also, the questionnaire included physiologic data which collected through review of the patients' charts. The statistical analysis was used the SPSS program for frequency, mean, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows : 1. The mean score for general self-efficacy of hemodialysis patients was 3.103(1-4point) and there were significant differences according to percieved health. The mean score for specific self-efficacy of hemodialysis patients was 3.113 (1-4point) and there were significant differencies according to percieved health, side effects and complications which related hemodialysis. 2. The mean score for self-care of hemodialysis patients was 3.822(1-5point) and there were significant differencies according to marital status and economic level. 3. The relationship between general self-efficacy and self-care was a positive correlation(P＝.000). The relationship between specific self-efficacy and self-care was a positive correlation(P＝.000). In conclusion, this study revealed the level of self-efficacy and self-care, and the positive correlation between self-efficacy and self-care in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, intervention is needed to promote self-efficacy for self-care of hemodialysis patients. Considering the vulnerable self-care area same as checking blood pressure and weight, fluid restriction, social adjustment, exercise and rest, luther studies should develop self-efficacy promoting programs for self-care of hemodialysis patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify accidental mortality during school activities of students in elementary, middle or high school in Seoul and consequent compensation payment. Methods: Fifty-eight students died due to accidents during the period 1988 through 2007. Data were obtained from the Seoul School Safety and Insurance Association, and Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education. Chi-square, t-test, and ANCOVA were used in the data analysis. Results: Among students, 75.9% were male and 37.9% were high school students. Accidental mortality was 1.61 per one million students (2.33 for male, and 0.82 for female students, and 0.93, 2.13 and 2.31 for elementary, middle and high school students, respectively). Mortality caused by drowning and falls per one million student was 0.85 and 0.74 for male, and 0.23 and 0.35 for female students. After age, year and cause were adjusted using ANCOVA, the mean compensation payment was 40,615 thousand won for male, and 62,000 thousands for female students. Highest compensation payment was 127,137 thousand for cerebral concussion after age, gender, year and cause were adjusted. Conclusion: To decrease student accidental mortality, especially drowning and falls, development of efficient safety-enforcing education is essential to prevent injuries and avoid preventable compensation costs.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of mandibular posterior displacement on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) by using cephalometric evaluations and to investigate how the surrounding structures are schematically involved. Methods: In this retrospective study, 38 subjects with functional Class III malocclusion and two lateral cephalograms were selected. The first lateral cephalogram was taken with the mandible in the habitual occlusal position, and the second in anterior edge-to-edge bite. Paired t-test was used to analyze changes in the PAS, hyoid bone, tongue, and soft palate, followed by mandibular posterior displacement. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and other variables. Results: A statistically significant decrease was observed in the PAS following mandibular posterior displacement. Along with mandibular posterior displacement, the tongue decreased in length (p < 0.001) and increased in height (p < 0.05), while the soft palate increased in length, decreased in thickness, and was posteriorly displaced (p < 0.001). The hyoid bone was also posteriorly displaced (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and the measured variables. Conclusions: The PAS showed a statistically significant decrease following mandibular posterior displacement, which was a consequence of retraction of the surrounding structures. However, there were individual variances between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and the measured variables.