• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1827-1836
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• 2017

The world dairy industry has long been challenged by bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disease, which causes economic loss due to decreased milk production and quality. Attempts have been made to prevent or treat this disease with multiple approaches, primarily through increased abuse of antibiotics, but effective natural solutions remain elusive. Bee venom (BV) contains a variety of peptides (e.g., melittin) and shows multiple bioactivities, including prevention of inflammation. Thus, in the current study, it was hypothesized that BV can reduce inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). To examine the hypothesis, cells were treated with LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) to induce an inflammatory response and the anti-inflammatory effects of BV (2.5 and $5{\mu}g/ml$) were investigated. The cellular mechanisms of BV against LPS-induced inflammation were also investigated. Results showed that BV can attenuate expression of an inflammatory protein, COX2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, an inflammatory transcription factor, was significantly downregulated by BV in cells treated with LPS, through dephosphorylation of ERK1/2. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with BV attenuated LPS-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide anion). These results support our hypothesis that BV can decrease LPS-induced inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells through inhibition of oxidative stress, NF-${\kappa}B$, ERK1/2, and COX-2 signaling.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.691-696
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• 2007

Purpose: The emergency of multi-drug resistant stains of bacteria represents a challenge in the field of plastic surgery. Especially, MRSA(methycillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have strong pathogenicity as well as multi-drug resistance so that they have become a lot more problematic strains. This study has been planned to reduce the bacterial burden by applying $Acticoat^{(R)}$(Smith & Nephew Healthcare, Hull, England)dressing into the chronic wounds infected by multi-drug resistant strains and to facilitate their healing. Methods: Nanocrystalline silver dressings($Acticoat^{(R)}$) were applied to chronic wound infected by MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were smeared over a slide glass using sterilized cotton swabs and gram stains were performed directly before and after applying $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressings at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The gram-stained slides were observed using an optical microscope magnified 1000 times(${\times}1000$). The bacterial counts of the control group(0 hour) were compared to those of the experimental groups(1, 24, 48, and 72 hour). Paired T-test was used to assess a statistical significance. MRSA was cultured in two BAPs(blood agar plate) and two MacConkey plates with streak plate method. None were interventions on one culture plate, while on the other culture plate, $Acticoat^{(R)}$ was placed in a square shape and cultured for 72 hours at $37^{\circ}C$, then plates were examined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in the same manner as MRSA. Results: There are the large amount of declination of bacterial counts with statistical significance after $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing. The bacteria grew in culture plate without specific intervention, but no bacteria grew in culture plate with applying of $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing. Conclusion: We believe that $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing could be used as an effective method of treating chronic wounds which are infected by multi-drug resistant organisms.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.369-376
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• 2001

The firewall systems can be installed between the intemal network and the extemal network. The firewall systems has the least privilege, so its does not provide transparency to user. This problem of transparency can be solved by using the proxy. In this thesis, I have designed and verified the FTP-PSM(FTP-Proxy Security Mode]) which provides transparency for the firewall systems and has a strong security function. FTP-PSM doesn't finish its work after implementing a command. Instead, its does several security functions such as user authentication, MAC(MandatOlY Access Controll, DAC(Discretionary Access Controll and authentication of user group. Those data must not be lost under any circumstances in order to implement the above security functions. So, the security against such problems as falling into deadlock or unlimited loop during the implementation must be verified. Therefore, FTP-PSM suggested in thesis was verified its security through PHPlace Invariant) based on CPNlCo]oured Petri Net).

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.352-365
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• 2009

Recently, data access control policies have not been applied for authorized or unauthorized persons properly and information leakage incidents have occurred due to database security vulnerabilities. In the traditional database access control methods, administrators grant permissions for accessing database objects to users. However, these methods couldn't be applied for diverse access control policies to the database. In addition, another database security method which uses data encryption is difficult to utilize data indexing. Thus, this paper proposes an enhanced database access control system via a packet analysis method between client and database server in network to apply diverse security policies. The proposed security system can be applied the applications with access control policies related to specific factors such as date, time, SQL string, the number of result data and etc. And it also assures integrity via a public key certificate and MAC (Message Authentication Code) to prevent modification of user information and query sentences.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2013

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the results of three types of short segment screw fixation for thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia. Methods : The records of 70 patients who underwent short segment screw fixation for a thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia (-2.5< mean T score by bone mineral densitometry <-1.0) from January 2005 to January 2008 were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups based on whether or not bone fusion and bone cement augmentation procedure 1) Group I (n=26) : short segment fixation with posterolateral bone fusion; 2) Group II (n=23) : bone cement augmented short segment fixation with posterolateral bone fusion; 3) Group III (n=21) : bone cement augmented, short segment percutaneous screw fixation without bone fusion. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a visual analogue scale and modified MacNab's criteria. Radiological findings, including kyphotic angle and vertebral height, and procedure-related complications, such as screw loosening or pull-out, were analyzed. Results : No significant difference in radiographic or clinical outcomes was noted between patients managed using the three different techniques at last follow up. However, Group I showed more correction loss of kyphotic deformities and vertebral height loss at final follow-up, and Group I had higher screw loosening and implant failure rates than Group II or III. Conclusion : Bone cement augmented procedure can be an efficient and safe surgical techniques in terms of achieving better outcomes with minimal complications for thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) is developing an electric-driven HALE UAV in order to secure system and operational technologies since 2010. Based on the 5 years of flight tests and design experiences of the previously developed electric-driven UAVs, KARI has designed EAV-3, a solar-powered HALE UAV. EAV-3 weighs 53 kg, the structure weight is 21 kg, and features a flexible wing of 19.5 m in span with the aspect ratio of 17.4. Designing the main wing and empennage of the EAV-3 the amount of the bending due to the flexible wing, 404 mm at 1-G flight condition based on T-800 composite material, and side wind effects due to low cruise speed, V_cr = 6 m/sec, are carefully considered. Also, unlike the general aircraft there is no center of gravity shift during the flight. Thus, the static margin cuts down to 28.4% and center of gravity moves back to 31% of the Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) comparing to the previously developed scale-down HALE UAVs, EAV-2 and EAV-2H, to minimize a trim drag and enhance a performance of the EAV-3. The first flight of the EAV-3 has successfully conducted on the July 29, 2015 and the test flight above the altitude 14 km has efficiently achieved on the August 5, 2015 at the Goheung aviation center.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.305-314
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• 1990

In this paper we have implemented and tested TPN which is system to supply sufficent nutrition to nutritionally deficient patient by means of ES (expert system) a kind of A.1 (artificial intelligence) . This system affords to evaluation of nutritional state of patient which is essential to physi- cian. who performs TPN, decision of performing TPN and management of patient-data & calculation of information needing to making TPN fluid. The features were as follolv 1. we input data, take ideal weight of patient and 24hr's creatlnln In urine according to chart in system compare TSF (triceps skin fold), MAC (mid-arm circumference), AMC (arm muscle circumference) to 5th, 15th, 50th percentile and evaluate the nutritional state of patient. 2. Calculation of protein & nonprotein calorie needing to treament of patient can be made exactly by stress factor, activity factor and body temperature. 3. patient's personal recording needing to management of patient date name of chief doc- tor, name of department of admission, chart number, history can by taken very easily. 4. The way of system operating is pull-down Menu one, It can be processing very efficiently. 5. Date processing in system, we can manage memory volume of computer verlr efficiently using of dynamic allocation variables. 6. We can make it very easy to edit & revise the input data, processed data is saved to diskette in 2 files (TDF, THF) , these are semipermanent preservation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

본 연구는 개 동결 정액 융해 시 straw 크기 및 융해 속도가 융해 정자의 질(quality)에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 최적의 융해 조건을 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 정상적인 번식능을 가진 비글 수컷 5마리에서 정액을 채취하여 원심 분리하여 정장을 버리고 남은 정자에 동결보호제인 glycerol이 첨가된 tris-glucose-egg yolk extender를 첨가하여 동결하고 액체질소에 보관한 후 융해하였다. 동결 융해 조건에 따른 효과를 알아보기 위해 straw는 0.25 ml과 0.5 ml크기를 사용하였고 융해 조건은 $75^{\circ}C$에 10초, $55^{\circ}C$에 12초 및 $37^{\circ}C$에서 120초로 하여 융해 후 정자의 활력도(vigor), 운동성(motility), Hypo-osmotic test(HOS test)를 이용한 생존성(viability) 및 $SperMac^{\circledR}$ 염색을 하여 정자의 membrane integrity를 비교 조사하였다. 조사 결과 0.5 ml 크기의 straw를 사용한 경우 $37^{\circ}C$ 융해가 $55^{\circ}C,\;75^{\circ}C$ 융해보다, 0.25 ml 크기의 straw를 사용한 경우에는 $37^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}C$ 융해가 $75^{\circ}C$ 융해보다 유의적으로 높은 활력 지수 및 생존성을 보였다(P<0.05). Straw크기에 따라 비교하였을 경우 0.5 ml 군에서 유의적으로 높은 활력도, 생존성 및 membrane integrity를 보였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 개 정액이 동결 및 융해 시 0.5ml straw를 이용하여 동결한 후 $37^{\circ}C$에서 120초 동안 융해하는 것이 최적의 조건임이 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.1033-1036
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• 2013

A study about collision resolution is needed because huge file, video and multimedia information are transmitted to wireless LAN. CSMA/CR protocol guarantees fairness, but doesn't consider QoS. To practicalize CSMA/CR protocol in saturation fully-connected single hop network environments, this paper proposes method of collision compensation. previous CSMA/CR protocol chooses CR Slot only considering fairness, but this paper chooses front CR Slot for compensation of collision to station experiencing collisions. The station transmits jam signal and has channel priority of transmission. So transmitting efficiency and successful transmission probability rise. This proposed simple method can offer benefit to station experiencing collisions without additional hardware cost.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.177-188
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• 2017

Background: Radiation-induced pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis are common dose-limiting complications in patients receiving radiotherapy for lung, breast, and lymphoid cancers. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of effective immune cells related to pneumonitis and fibrosis after irradiation. Materials and Methods: After anesthesia, the whole thorax of C57BL/6 mice was irradiated at 14 Gy. The lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected at defined time points post-irradiation for the determination of histological and immunohistochemical analysis and inflammatory cell population infiltrated into the lung. Results and Discussion: Whole thoracic irradiation increased the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), lung weight, and pleural effusions, which started to die from 4 months later. At 4 months after irradiation, the numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes as well as neutrophils were increased dramatically in the lung. Interestingly, the macrophages that were recruited into the lung after irradiation had an enlarged foamy morphology. In addition, the expressions of chemokines (CCL-2, CCL-3, CXCL-10) for the attraction of macrophages and T cells were higher in the lung of irradiated mice. The high expressions of these chemokines were sustained up to 6 months following irradiation. In thoracic irradiated mice, infiltrated macrophages into the lung had the high levels of Mac-3 antigens on their surface and upregulated the hallmarks of alternatively activated macrophages such as arginase-1 and CD206. Furthermore, the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were higher in a BAL fluid of irradiated mice. Conclusion: All results show that thoracic irradiation induces to infiltrate various inflammation-related immune cells, especially alternatively activated macrophages, through enhancing the expression of chemokines, suggesting that alternatively activated macrophages are most likely important for leading to pulmonary fibrosis.