• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2001

The quaternary thiophosphates, $A_2NiP_2S_6$ (A=Rb, Cs), have been synthesized with halide fluxes and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. These compounds crystallize in the space group $C_{2h}^5-P2_1/n$ of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a=5.960(2), b=12.323(4), $c=7.491(3)\AA$, $\beta=97.05(3)^{\circ}$, and $V=546.0(3)\AA^3$ for Rb2NiP2S6 and a=5.957(4), b=12.696(7), $c=7.679(4)\AA$, $b=93.60(5)^{\circ}$, and $V=579.7(5)\AA^3$ for $Cs_2NiP_2S_6.$ These compounds are isostructural. The structure of $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$ is made up of one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chains along the a axis and these chains are isolated by $Cs^+$ ions. The Ni atom is octahedrally coordinated by six S atoms. These Ni$S_6$ octahedral units are linked by sharing three m-S atoms of the $[P_2S_6^{4-}]$ anions to form the infinite one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chain. For $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$, the magnetic susceptibility reveals an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 8K,which corresponds to the Neel temperature ($T_N$). Above $T_N$, this compound obeys Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic moment, C, and ${\theta}forCs_2NiP_2S_6$ are 2.77 B.M., 0.9593 K, and -19.02 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic data is agreed with the spin-only value of $Ni^{2+}d^8$(2.83 B.M.) system.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.319-337
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• 1997

The electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in the normal Korean black goat have been measured with a 3-channel Electrocardiograph and computed, analyzed. ECG in 243 black goats were made with the limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF), that were recorded conduction parameters of wave and interval, and were analyzed as to shape and amplitude of the P and T waves and the components of the QRS complex. Heart rate were recorded by the ECG which were a mean of 106.1$\pm $21.8 beats/min. Average conduction times in the PR, the QRS complex and the QTc interval were recorded 103.9$\pm $34.9 msec., 58.3$\pm $23.2 msec. and 302.6$\pm $67.8 msec., in the P and T wave duration recorded 24.8$\pm $6.4 msec. and 51.7$\pm $10.8 msec. respectively. The shape of wave in each leads were observed various types, and any spacial wave type appeared the highest frequency in each lead that ware shown less than 60%, and these frequent rate and average amplitudes as fallow: 1. In P waver the frequent rate and average amplitudes of the positive type showed in leads I, II and aVL that were 54.8% (93.0$\pm $ 33.2 $\mu $V), 50.5% (90.1$\pm $30.5 $\mu $V) and 41.7% (58.5$\pm $ 31.1 $\mu $V). Average amplitude of the negative type showed the frequent rate of 49.8% in lead aVE which was -77.6$\pm$ 25.2 $\mu $V. Biphasic type in leads III and aVF were 46.1% (108.4 $\mu $V, -90.2 $\mu $V.) and 45.7% (137.4 $\mu $V, -105.4 $\mu $V.), and amplitudes between positive and negative of it were significant difference. 2. The highest amplitudes of the QRS complex in all leads were 534.8$\pm $ 232.3 $\mu $V of lead II. The frequent rate and amplitudes of the R wave type in the I, II, III and aVF were 30.2% (277.8 $\pm $131.3 $\mu $V), 45.1% (393.1$\pm $114.2 $\mu $V), 48.5% (349.3$\pm $178.3 $\mu $V) and 54.9% (334.4$\pm $129.7 $\mu $V), and QS ways type in the lead aVL was 49.5% (359.2$\pm $195.5$\mu $V), and RS and QS wave types in the lead a VR were 43.3% (312.4 $\mu $V, -212.7 $\mu $V.) and 41.1% (399.2$\pm $92.2 $\mu $V), respectively. 3. In T wave, the frequent rata and amplitudes of the positive type in the leads I, II, III and aVF were 44.6% (207.9$\pm $ 97.1 $\mu $V), 41.6% (245.1$\pm $92.1 $\mu $V), 46.9% (189.8$\pm $ 82.7 $\mu $V) and 53.0% (195.4197.8 $\mu $V), and the negative in the lead aVR was 41.2% (-230.7$\pm$ 103.1 $\mu $V), respectively. The positive and negative types in the lead aVe appeared with same frequent rate of 43.2%.4. Frontal plane vectors for P, QRS, and T were found to lie at 38.1$\pm $ 21.5, 142.0$\pm $ 57.2, and 117.2$\pm $ 63.9 degrees, respectively. These results in ECG of goats may be served to the limited purposes as to conduction parameters, arrhythmias except abnormal ECG because of waveforms, amplitudes and electrical axis of it were variability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.5-11
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• 2009

When using Image Guided Radiation Therapy, the patient is placed using skin marker first and after confirming anatomical location using OBI, the couch is moved to correct the set up. Evaluation for the error made at that moment was done. Through comparing $0^{\circ}$ and $270^{\circ}$ direction DRR image and OBI image with 2D-2D matching when therapy planning, comparison between patient's therapy plan setup and actual treatment setup was made to observe the error. Treatment confirmation on important organs such as head, neck and spinal cord was done every time through OBI setup and other organs such as chest, abdomen and pelvis was done 2 ~ 3 times a week. But corrections were all recorded on OIS so that evaluation on accuracy could be made through using skin index which was divided into head, neck, chest and abdomen-pelvis on 160 patients. Average setup error for head and neck patient on each AP, SI, RL direction was $0.2{\pm}0.2cm$, $-0.1{\pm}0.1cm$, $-0.2{\pm}0.0cm$, chest patient was $-0.5{\pm}0.1cm$, $0.3{\pm}0.3cm$, $0.4{\pm}0.2cm$, and abdomen was $0.4{\pm}0.4cm$, $-0.5{\pm}0.1cm$, $-0.4{\pm}0.1cm$. In case of pelvis, it was $0.5{\pm}0.3cm$, $0.8{\pm}0.4cm$, $-0.3{\pm}0.2cm$. In rigid body parts such as head and neck showed lesser setup error compared to chest and abdomen. Error was greater on chest in horizontal axis and in AP direction, abdomen-pelvis showed greater error. Error was greater on chest in horizontal axis because of the curve in patient's body when the setup is made. Error was greater on abdomen in AP direction because of the change in front and back location due to breathing of patient. There was no systematic error on patient setup system. Since OBI confirms the anatomical location, when focus is located on the skin, it is more precise to use skin marker to setup. When compared with 3D-3D conformation, although 2D-2D conformation can't find out the rolling error, it has lesser radiation exposure and shorter setup confirmation time. Therefore, on actual clinic, 2D-2D conformation is more appropriate.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.6 s.101
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• pp.419-435
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth changes and skeletal characteristics of Korean children with Class III malocclusions from 10 to 14 years of skeletal age. Radiographs of 60 children with Class III malocclusion and 60 normal controls were assessed. Both groups were subdivided into 6 samples according to sex and skeletal age. Skeletal age was assessed using handwrist X-rays using the Greulich and Pyle norms. The Krogman-Walker plane (occipitale-maxillon) through Sella was used as a reference plane in this study with x-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Sir Student t-tests were conducted to compare the control group with the Class III group according to each gender a:nd age. The characteristics of Class III malocclusion group compared to the control group included shorter anterior and posterior cranial base, shorter and retrusive maxilla, forger mandible, increased molar-incisor distance, retroclined lower incisors, labially proclined upper incisors, and anteriorly located mandibular molar, smaller upper and middle facial depth, and larger lower facial depth. Landmarks representing facial depth, size of maxilla and mandible, and their AP relationship including anterior facial height indicate that growth characteristic was determined early in life. But growth Pattern of cranial base and some of the dental landmarks showed progressive divergence between Control and Class III groups with age. The position of the posterior border of the mandible was found to be significantly forward in both females and males by the age of 14 and at the anterior border in males and females at all ages. Hyperdivergent mandibular plane, changes in anterior segment of mandible, small anterior cranial base, and decrease in cranial base flexure was also noted.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.643-656
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• 2005

The East Sea, a marginal sea or back-arc basin, consists of Japan Basin, Yamato Basin, and Ulleung Basin and is surrounded by the Pacific Plate and Philippine Sea Plate. Ulleung Basin locates in the southwestern part of the East Sea and shows the depth of 1,500 m in average and 2,500 m in maximum, connecting to the Japan Basin along 2,000 m contour. The slope of the seafloor is greater in the western side of the basin than in the southern and the eastern side. The crustal thickness of the Ulleung Basin from the OBS tends to get thicker toward the north and the west side and the sediment thickness of the Ulleung Basin is getting thicker toward the southeast side and reaches up to 12 km. The crustal type of the Ulleung Basin was variously suggested as like as a rifted continental crust, an extended continental crust, and an incipient oceanic trust. The origin of the crustal formation and the Ulleung Basin, however, is still controversial. Based on the bathymetry and gravtiy anomaly data for this study, the axis of the Ulleung Basin shows that the basin develops along the axis trending NW-SE direction and reveals a general symmetry of the bathymetry. And also the free-air gravity anomalies show a very similar pattern to the bathymetry of the basin. The sediment thickness is relatively thicker in the southeastern side of the basin than in the northwestern side. Although the crustal age of the Ulleung Basin is supposed to be younger than them of the Japan Basin and the Yamato Basin, the free-air gravity anomalies of the Ulleung Basin ranging -40 to 50 mGals are lower than the other basins, which suggests that the densities of crust and sediment of the Ulleng Basin are lower than the Japan Basin and the Yamato Basin.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 1983

A role for brain serotonin(5-HT) in regulation of the HPA axis has been suggested but remains contoversial and poorly defined. The present experiments were designed to check kinetic parameters of 5-HT turnover in rat hypothalamus and remainder brain areas before and after stress and to test whether using various different pharmacologic approaches to stimulate or eliminate the control serotonergic system have any consistent effect on the stress-induced activation of HPA system. Steady state brain serotonin and 5-HIAA concentrations during 1 min ether stress were significantly elevated without significant rise in the levels of plasma corticosterone, which highly increased 2 minutes after stress. This suggests that the increase in serotonergic neuron activity precede that in HPA activity. Furthermore, during 1 ruin-ether stress or 30 min immobilization stress there is a marked increase in hypothalamic and remainder brain serotonin (5-HT) turnover or synthesis rates assessed by both the pargline/5-HT method and pargyline/5-HIAA method. The stress-induced corticosterone levels were increased by serotonin precursors and serotonin agonist in a dose-related fashion. The stress- induced corticosterone levels were highly elevated by L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) and Potentiated by monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline or serotonin agonist, 5-MeoDMT. The stress-induced elevation of corticosterone and 5-HT levels in rat brain were not significantly decreased by the administration of 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, PCPA and 5-HT neurotoxin, 5,7-DHT. However, the stress-induced elevation of corticosterone and 5-HT levels were decreased by the destruction of midline raphe nuclei. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma corticosterone and 5-HT concentrations changed by drugs which mainly manipulating 5-HT system in the hyhothalamus and in the remainder of the brain. In conclusion, our present data stongly suggest that 5-HT is an important key neurotransmitter involved in the stress-induced activation of the HPA system.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.753-768
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• 1995

For accurate impression taking of dental patient and esthetic denture treatment of ednetulous patient, measuring between intraoral anatomic landmarks is useful.In this study the subjects selected at a random were two-jundred forty persons with a mean age 22.5(range 21-24) and were taken impression of by irreversible hydrocolloid impression material(Alginate). On the study model made by dental stone, each individual tray was made and final impresion was taken by border moilding. On final model measurings were performed with 3-dimensional measuring device and the values were analyzed by t-test The results is following : ABOUT THE MEASURED VALUES. 1. The width between maxillary right and left canine cusp tip was average 36.44mm(s.d. 2.48), man 36.67mm, woman 35.83mm(p<0.05). 2. The width between labial height of contour of maxillary right and left canine was average 40.08mm(s.d. 2.42), man 40.29mm, woman 39.52mm(p<0.05). 3. The width between mesio-lingual cusps of maxillary first molar was average 43.14mm(s.d. 3.33), man 43.56mm, woman 42.05mm(p<0.05). 4. The width between buccal alveolar ridge on axis of mesiolingual cusp of right and left maxillary first molar was average 64.89mm(s.d. 3.88), man 65.58mm, woman 62.92mm(p<0.05). 5. The width between buccal alveolar ridge on axis of mesiolingual cusp of right and left maxillary second molar was average 68.58mm(s.d. 3.91), man 69.29mm, woman 66.30mm (p<0.05). 6. The width between right and left hamular notch was average 49.80mm(s.d. 3.96), man 50.70mm, woman 48.20mm(p<0.05). 7. The length from labial heigth of contour of maxillary central incisor to center of incisive papilla was average 9.52mm(s.d. 1.18), man 9.46mm, woman 9.63mm(p>0.05). 8. The length from labial heigth of contour of maxillary central incisor to palatine fovea was average 53.27mm(s.d. 2.93), man 53.93mm, woman 52.08mm(p<0.05). 9. The center of incisive papilla ws located posterior to intercanine line at 0.40mm(s.d. 1.16), man 0.51mm, woman 0.11mm(p<0.05). 10. The height from incisal edge of maxillary central incisor to the labial vestibule was average 21.84mm(s.d. 1.38), man 22.01mm, woman 21.00mm(p<0.05). 11. The height from mesiolingual cusp of maxillary first molar to buccalvestible was average 17.45mm(s.d. 1.42), man 17.56mm, woman 17.08mm(p>0.05). 12. The height from hamular notch to standard occlusal plane was average 6.84mm(s.d. 1.06), man 6.91mm, woman 6.70mm(p>0.05). 13. The height from the deepest point of palatal vault to standard occlsalplane was average 19.95 mm(s.d. 2.03), man 20.19mm, woman 19.12mm(p<0.05). ABOUT THE ARCH FORM 1. The arch form was able to classify into four typr by the rate of the measured values. Each arch form distribution was that the 1 group had 32.46% the 2 group 2.19%, the 3 group 52.83%, the 4 group 12.72%. The sexual composition was that in 1 group man had 73.5%, woman 26.5%, in 2 group man had 40.0%, woman 60.0%, in 3 group man had 83.3%, woman 16.7%, and in 4 group man had 55.17%, woman 44.83%. 2. When canine cusp tip was marked as point O, the intersection point between labial height of contour of maxillary central incisor and intermaxillary suture as point A, height of contour of maxillary second molar buccal alveolar ridge as B point, ${\angle}$AOB was measured $133.8^{\circ}$for the 1 group, $133.0^{\circ}$for the 2 group, $132.3^{\circ}$for the 3 group, $128.9^{\circ}$for the 4 group.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

Treatment of cerebellar medulloblastoma has been much improved with modern surgical technique for gross total tumor removal and adequate radiation therapy for the whole craniospinal axis. Questions have been arosen about the optimal radiation dose for the preventive treatment of whole cranium and whole spinal axis. Recently, many authors have reported their treatment results as comparable to older data, using lower than conventional dose of 3,600 cGy-4,000 cGy. For 50 patients treated between 1981 and 1990 at the Department of Radiation Therapy of SNUH, retrospective analysis was done for the treatment result, especially the neuraxis control, by radiation dose for the presymptomatic area of the disease. Analysis only by total spinal dose did not give any significant difference. But further analysis by following patient group; 3,600 cGy/150 cGy (n=6), 3,000 cGy/150 cGy (n=10), 2,400 cGy/150 cGy (n=17) and 2,400 cGy/100-120 cGy (n=11) showed significant improvement of neuraxis control by decreasing order (p =0.003). There was no significant difference in overall survival between the groups. For the 19 patients who had been confirmed initially as having no neuraxis disease, TDF 30 was the cur-off value that could prevent neuraxis failure (p =0.004). We couldn't define any TDF value that give reasonable control for the patient group with positive CSF study at initial diagnosis.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate beam delivery accuracy for small sized lung SBRT through experiment. In order to assess the accuracy, Eclipse TPS(Treatment planning system) equipped Acuros XB and radiochromic film were used for the dose distribution. Comparing calculated and measured dose distribution, evaluated the margin for PTV(Planning target volume) in lung tissue. Materials and Methods : Acquiring CT images for Rando phantom, planned virtual target volume by size(diameter 2, 3, 4, 5 cm) in right lung. All plans were normalized to the target Volume=prescribed 95 % with 6MV FFF VMAT 2 Arc. To compare with calculated and measured dose distribution, film was inserted in rando phantom and irradiated in axial direction. The indexes of evaluation are percentage difference(%Diff) for absolute dose, RMSE(Root-mean-square-error) value for relative dose, coverage ratio and average dose in PTV. Results: The maximum difference at center point was -4.65 % in diameter 2 cm size. And the RMSE value between the calculated and measured off-axis dose distribution indicated that the measured dose distribution in diameter 2 cm was different from calculated and inaccurate compare to diameter 5 cm. In addition, Distance prescribed 95 % dose($D_{95}$) in diameter 2 cm was not covered in PTV and average dose value was lowest in all sizes. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that small sized PTV was not enough covered with prescribed dose in low density lung tissue. All indexes of experimental results in diameter 2 cm were much different from other sizes. It is showed that minimized PTV is not accurate and affects the results of radiation therapy. It is considered that extended margin at small PTV in low density lung tissue for enhancing target center dose is necessary and don't need to constraint Maximum dose in optimization.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2010

Purpose: Recently, many hospitals have been tried to increase the satisfaction of the outpatients through blood-gathering, exam, result notice and process in a day. Each laboratory has been used the automatic equipment for the rapid requests of the result notice and the increase of the reliability and efficiency. Current automatic equipments that have been limited short TAT(Turn-Around Time)because of the restricted batch lists and 1 tip-5 detectors. The Gamma Pro which is made in Korea to improve the shortcomings of existing automation equipment, complemented with capacity to perform a wide range of domestic automation equipment. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness and reliability of short TAT by comparing Gamma Pro with current automatic equipment. Materials and Methods: We studied the correlation between Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 using the respective 100 specimens of low or high density to the patients who were requested the thyroid hormone test (Total T3, TSH and Free T4) in Samsung Medical Center Sep. 2009. To evaluate the split-level Gamma Pro, First, we measured accuracy and carry over on the tips. Second, the condition of optimal incubation was measured by the RPM (Revolution Per Minute) and revolution axis diameter on the incubator. For the analysis for the speed of the specimen-processing, TAT was investigated with the results in a certain time. Result: The correlation coefficients (R2) between the Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 showed a good correlation as T3 (0.98), TSH (0.99), FT4 (0.92). The coefficient of variation (C.V) and accuracy was 0.38 % and 98.3 % at tip 1 and 0.39 % and 98.6 % at tip 2. Carry over showed 0.80 % and 1.04% at tip 1 and tip 2, respectively. These results indicate that tips had no effect on carry over contamination. At the incubator condition, we found that the optimal condition was 1.0mm of diameter at 600RPM in 1.0mm and 1.5mm of at 500RPM or 1.0mm and 1.5 mm of diameter at 600 RPM. the Gamma Pro showed that the number of exam times were increased as maximum 20 times/day comparing to 6 times/day by current automatic equipment. These results also led to the short TAT from 4.20 hour to 2.19 hours in whole processing. Conclusion: The correlation of between the Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 was good and has not carry over contamination in tips. The domestic automation equipment (Gamma Pro) decreases the TAT in whole test comparing to RIA-280. These results demonstrate that Gamma Pro has a good efficiency, reliability and practical usefulness, which may contribute to the excellent skill to process the large scale specimens.