• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.427-446
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• 2008

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering in 2006 has been accomplished. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro heat exchanger and siphon cooling device using nano-fluid. Traditional CFD and flow visualization methods were still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about diffusers and compressors were performed in fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and heat transfer and piping optimization were studied in piping systems. (2) The papers on heat transfer have been categorized into heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, heat pipes, and two-phase heat transfer. The topics on heat transfer characteristics in general include thermal transport in a cryo-chamber, a LCD panel, a dryer, and heat generating electronics. Heat exchangers investigated include pin-tube type, plate type, ventilation air-to-air type, and heat transfer enhancing tubes. The research on a reversible loop heat pipe, the influence of NCG charging mass on heat transport capacity, and the chilling start-up characteristics in a heat pipe were reported. In two-phase heat transfer area, the studies on frost growth, ice slurry formation and liquid spray cooling were presented. The studies on the boiling of R-290 and the application of carbon nanotubes to enhance boiling were noticeable in this research area. (3) Many studies on refrigeration and air conditioning systems were presented on the practical issues of the performance and reliability enhancement. The air conditioning system with multi indoor units caught attention in several research works. The issues on the refrigerant charge and the control algorithm were treated. The systems with alternative refrigerants were also studied. Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and their mixtures were considered and the heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Due to high oil prices, energy consumption have been attentioned in mechanical building systems. Research works have been reviewed in this field by grouping into the research on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and cleaning research, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, and piping system research. The papers involve the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies on indoor air quality took a great portion in the field of building environments. Various other subjects such as indoor thermal comfort were also investigated through computer simulation, case study, and field experiment. Studies on energy include not only optimization study and economic analysis of building equipments but also usability of renewable energy in geothermal and solar systems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.880-884
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• 2001

Rumen microbiology research has undergone several evolutionary steps: the isolation and nutritional characterization of readily cultivated microbes; followed by the cloning and sequence analysis of individual genes relevant to key digestive processes; through to the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences for a cultivation-independent examination of microbial diversity. Our knowledge of rumen microbiology has expanded as a result, but the translation of this information into productive alterations of ruminal function has been rather limited. For instance, the cloning and characterization of cellulase genes in Escherichia coli has yielded some valuable information about this complex enzyme system in ruminal bacteria. SSU rRNA analyses have also confirmed that a considerable amount of the microbial diversity in the rumen is not represented in existing culture collections. However, we still have little idea of whether the key, and potentially rate-limiting, gene products and (or) microbial interactions have been identified. Technologies allowing high throughput nucleotide and protein sequence analysis have led to the emergence of two new fields of investigation, genomics and proteomics. Both disciplines can be further subdivided into functional and comparative lines of investigation. The massive accumulation of microbial DNA and protein sequence data, including complete genome sequences, is revolutionizing the way we examine microbial physiology and diversity. We describe here some examples of our use of genomics- and proteomics-based methods, to analyze the cellulase system of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and explore the genome of Ruminococcus albus 8. At Illinois, we are using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors to create libraries containing large (>75 kbases), contiguous segments of DNA from R. flavefaciens FD-1. Considering that every bacterium is not a candidate for whole genome sequencing, BAC libraries offer an attractive, alternative method to perform physical and functional analyses of a bacterium's genome. Our first plan is to use these BAC clones to determine whether or not cellulases and accessory genes in R. flavefaciens exist in clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Proteomics is also being used to complement the BAC library/DNA sequencing approach. Proteins differentially expressed in response to carbon source are being identified by 2-D SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel-digests and peptide mass mapping by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, as well as peptide sequencing by Edman degradation. At Ohio State, we have used a combination of functional proteomics, mutational analysis and differential display RT-PCR to obtain evidence suggesting that in addition to a cellulosome-like mechanism, R. albus 8 possesses other mechanisms for adhesion to plant surfaces. Genome walking on either side of these differentially expressed transcripts has also resulted in two interesting observations: i) a relatively large number of genes with no matches in the current databases and; ii) the identification of genes with a high level of sequence identity to those identified, until now, in the archaebacteria. Genomics and proteomics will also accelerate our understanding of microbial interactions, and allow a greater degree of in situ analyses in the future. The challenge is to utilize genomics and proteomics to improve our fundamental understanding of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology, and overcome constraints to ruminal function.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.747-761
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 2006-2013년 기간의 생활폐기물 관련 자료를 사용하여 종량제봉투 가격이 각 처리유형별 생활폐기물의 수거서비스 수요에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 생활폐기물 수거서비스 수요에 영향을 미치는 다른 변수들을 통제하고 관찰되지 않는 지역 및 시간적 특성들의 영향을 통제하기 위해 지역 및 시간 고정효과모형으로 각 처리유형별 수거서비스 수요함수를 추정하였다. 추정결과 종량제봉투 가격의 상승은 비탄력적이지만 종량제봉투에 의한 비음식물류 생활폐기물의 수거서비스 수요를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 종량제봉투 가격의 상승은 음식물쓰레기 배출량을 증가하도록 하고 상대적으로 다른 수거서비스 수요에 비해서 재활용품 배출량의 증가에 강하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 종량제봉투 가격의 상승에 따른 비음식물류 생활폐기물에 대한 수거서비스 수요의 감소는 음식물쓰레기와 재활용품의 분리수거의 증가에 기인하는 것임을 시사한다. 그러나 종량제봉투 가격의 상승이 1인당 총생활폐기물 발생량을 증가시키는 것으로 나타나고 있어 음식물쓰레기 및 재활용품의 분리배출 증가와 잠재적인 불법투기 및 소각을 고려한 피드백 효과로 인해 생활폐기물의 발생을 원천적으로 감소하도록 하기보다는 오히려 증가하도록 하는 결과를 낳고 있는 것으로 보인다.

• World Technopolis Review
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

Center for Research of Science and Technology ("PUSPIPTEK") has 460 hectares land area, still maintained as a green area with more than 30% green space. There are 47 centers for research and testing technology, technology-based industries, and as well as public supporting facilities in PUSPIPTEK area. Based on the concepts developed to make this area as an ecological region, PUSPIPTEK can be seen as a model of eco-innovation. The purpose of this research is to develop a model of water, energy and waste management with eco-innovation concept. As a new approach in addressing environmental degradation and maintaining the sustainability of ecosystem, studies related to eco-innovation policy that combines the management of water, energy and waste in the region has not been done. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a series of techniques for collecting data on PUSPIPTEK existing conditions will be carried out, which includes utilities data (water, electricity, sewage) and master plan of this area. The savings over the implementation of the concept of eco-innovation in water, energy, and waste management were calculated and analyzed using quatitative methods. The amount of cost savings and feasibility were then calculated. Eco innovation in water management among other innovations include the provision of alternative sources of water, overflow of rain water and water environments utilization, and use of gravity to replace the pumping function. Eco-innovation in energy management innovations include the use of LED and solar cell for air conditioning. Eco-innovation in waste management includes methods of composting for organic waste management. The research results: (1) The savings that can be achieved with the implementation of eco innovation in the water management is Rp. 3,032,640 daily, or Rp.1,106,913,600 annually; (2) The savings derived from the implementation of eco innovation through replacement of central AC to AC LiBr Solar Powered will be saved Rp.1,933,992,990 annually and the use of LED lights in the Public street lighting PUSPIPTEK saved Rp.163,454,433 annually; (3) Application of eco innovation in waste management will be able to raise awareness of the environment by sorting organic, inorganic and plastic waste. Composting and plastic waste obtained from the sale revenue of Rp. 44,016,000 per year; (4) Overall, implementation of the eco-innovation system in PUSPIPTEK area can saves Rp. 3,248,377,023 per year, compared to the existing system; and (5)The savings are obtained with implementation of eco-innovation is considered as income. Analysis of the feasibility of the implementation of eco-innovation in water, energy, and waste management in PUSPIPTEK give NPV at a 15% discount factor in Rp. 3,895,228,761; 23.20% of IRR and 4.48 years of PBP. Thus the model of eco-innovation in the area PUSPIPTEK is feasible to implement.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.179-198
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 후기중등과정의 다양성을 추진하고 있는 호주의 사례를 분석하여 한국 교육에 주는 시사점을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 학교다양화를 학교 내 프로그램 다양화와 학교 간 다양화로 유형화하여 호주의 사례를 분석하였다. 탐색의 결과, 호주의 전통적인 후기중등학교 체제는 학교 간 다양화의 특성을 보이고 있었으나, 최근에는 학교 내 프로그램 다양화를 강화하는 방향으로 개혁이 이루어지고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 개혁의 목표는 보다 많은 학생들이 12학년의 학교과정을 이수하도록 하기 위한 것이다. 둘째, 학교 간 다양화 사례에는 선발학교와 사립학교, 특수목적 학교들이 설치되어 있다. 특히, 특수목적 학교의 운영 특징은 특수목적의 교육과정과 일반 교육과정을 병행하는 이원화된 체제로 운영되고 있다는 점이다. 본 연구의 결론으로는 첫째, 호주의 고교다양화 정책은 학교 간 다양화의 기초위에 학교 내의 다양화를 추구하는 특징을 가지고 있으며, 둘째 학교 간 다양화 방안은 학교 간 차이에 따른 교육적 불공평의 문제가 필연적으로 제기될 수 있으므로 공평성의 원리에 따라 이를 완화시킬 수 있는 섬세한 정책적 대안이 함께 추진해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 평생학습 사회의 심화와 인간의 수명 연장 등과 같은 사회적 변동 현상은 일반 학생들에게도 1차적 기술교육 혹은 직업교육의 확대를 필요로 하고 있다는 점 등이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.199-236
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• 2014

본 논문은 인류가 공유해야 할 유한한 우주자원인 정지궤도(geostationary orbit)의 국제적 배분기제를 분배적 정의의 관점에서 분석한 것이다. 배분의 주체인 국제통신연합(ITU)은 체약국이 합의한 헌장 및 협약의 하위규정인 무선규칙에 의해 주파수와 궤도자원을 분배하고 있으므로 논문은 무선규칙을 세밀히 검토하는데 중점을 두었다. 현행 배분메커니즘은 크게 두 가지 원칙에 따른다. 하나는 먼저 등록한 행정청에 우선권을 주는 선착순 원칙('first come, first served' principle)에 의한 사후배분체제(a posteriori system)이고, 다른 하나는 선착순원칙을 적용할 경우 배제될 수 있는 국가(행정청)를 위해 미리 계획을 통하여 배분하는 사전배분체제(a priori system)이다. 논의는 우선 사후배분체제가 우주후진국에 불리하다는 확립된 관점을 전제로 출발한다. Philip De Man은 사후배분체제의 기저에 있는 선착순원칙에도 예외가 있다면서 이에 관한 7가지의 예를 들어 선착순원칙에 의한 배분적 정의의 형해화 가능성이 배제될 수 있음을 보여주려 시도한다. 하지만 본 논문은 그가 주장하는 각각의 논거에 대해 반박하고, 이를 근거로 여전히 선착순원칙이 대부분의 우주자원배분에 적용되고 있으며 따라서 배분적 평등의 실현에 걸림돌이 되고 있음을 보여준다. De Man이 주장하는 근거는 다음과 같다: 1) 선착순 원칙은 유해간섭을 일으키는 할당에만 적용된다; 2) 선착순 원칙 외에도 국제적 권리의 형성에는 규정합치성원칙(rule of conformity)이 상호 적용된다; 3) 선착순 원칙에 반해 정보목적 및 임시로 등록이 가능하다; 4) 선착순 원칙 외에도 서비스의 종류에 따른 우선순위가 존재한다; 5) 먼저 등록했다는 사실만으로는 이득을 볼 수 없도록 선언한 절차규정(Rule of Procedure)이 있다; 6) 선착순 원칙과 동등하게 적용되는 기술적 요소의 고려와 국제 및 국내법에 따른 평등원칙이 있다; 7) 할당의 기본성격(basic characteristics)에 변경이 있을 경우 선착순 원칙이 배제된다. 논의의 또 다른 부분은 우주후진국을 위한 사전배분체제마저도 그 본래의 목적을 달성할 수 없으며, 이를 가능케 하는 구조화된 메커니즘을 관련 무선규칙과 그 부속서의 면밀한 분석을 통해 밝혀낸다. 분석대상은 방송위성계획(Broadcasting-Satellite System) 및 고정위성계획(Fixed-Satellite System)에 따라 각 행정청이 자신의 할당을 국제적으로 등록하는 세부절차이며, 이 사전배분체제 에서도 선착순원칙이 압도하고 있음을 드러내면서 본 논문의 주장을 뒷받침한다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.110-127
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• 2020

보존유적이라 함은 건설 공사에 따른 구제 발굴로 인하여 중요 유적이 확인될 경우 매장문화재 가치 평가에 따라 보존조치되는 유적을 말한다. 우리나라는 지난 수십 년간 급속한 경제발전으로 토지개발이 이루어지게 되면서 구제 발굴 건수도 급격히 증가하게 되었고 이에 따른 보존유적도 자연히 급증하게 되었다. 현재는 이러한 보존유적의 증가로 토지 수용부터 관리·활용 등에서 여러 문제점들이 나타나고 있으나 이에 대한 명확한 해결 방법은 제시되고 있지 않은 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 유적 보존과 관련된 기술적인 문제보다 주로 제도상의 문제점 인식을 통해 보존유적 관리와 제도에 관심을 가지고 개선안을 제시하고자 하였다. 한정된 재원과 인력으로 보존유적을 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 제도의 미비점을 먼저 확인하고 검토하는 것이 우선이라 판단되었기 때문이다. 제도 개선을 요구할 수 있는 여러 안들이 있겠지만 현 제도상에서 우선적으로 검토되어야 하는 것은 보존유적에서 지정문화재로 신속한 전환 혹은 검토라 할 수 있다. 보존유적은 조치 이후 관련 후속 법규가 마련되어 있지 않아 지정문화재와 달리 임시적인 보존 방편에 불과하다. 이를 장기간 유지하게 될 경우 당연히 여러 문제가 발생할 수밖에 없다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 보존유적을 지정문화재와 거의 유사한 수준으로 관리할 수 있는 법적 제도를 마련하든지 아니면 현 제도상에서 개선 가능한 방법을 모색하여 문제의 최소화를 꾀하는 방법이 있겠다. 본 연구에서는 지정문화재로의 신속한 전환 방법 외에도 제도적 개선이 가능한 부분에 초점을 맞추어 몇 가지 제안을 하였다. 현재의 보존조치 유형은 현지보존, 이전보존, 기록보존 이 세 가지로 구분하고 있는데 이를 다시 두 개의 조치 유형과 그 하위의 네 가지 유형으로 재분류해 보았다. 현지보존은 보존유적과 새롭게 제시한 복토유적 두 가지만 포함시키고, 나머지 이전활용유적과 기록보존유적은 사업 시행이 가능한 보존조치 유형으로써 현지보존과 대비되는 대체보존 유형으로 제시하였다. 복토유적도 보존유적과 다르게 사업 시행이 가능한 유형으로 제시하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.449-469
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• 2011

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering during 2010. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends of thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general thermal and fluid flow, fluid machinery, and new and renewable energy. Various topics were presented in the field of general thermal and fluid flow. Research issues mainly focused on the thermal reliability of axial fan and compressor in the field of fluid machinery. Studies on the design of ground source heat pump systems and solar chemical reactors were executed in the field of new and renewable energy. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included heat transfer in thermoelectric cooling/power generation systems, combined heat and power systems, carbon nano fluid with PVP, channel filled with metal foam and smoke ventilation in a rescue station of a railroad tunnel. Also the studies on flow boiling of R123/oil mixture in a plain tube bundle and R410A charge amount in an air cooled mini-channel condenser were reported. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on plate heat exchanger, shell and tube heat exchanger, enthalpy exchanger, micro channel PCHE were performed. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included heat transfer in thermoelectric cooling/power generation systems, combined heat and power systems, carbon nano fluid with PVP, channel filled with metal foam and smoke ventilation in a rescue station of a railroad tunnel. Also the studies on flow boiling of R123/oil mixture in a plain tube bundle and R410A charge amount in an air cooled mini-channel condenser were reported. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on plate heat exchanger, shell and tube heat exchanger, enthalpy exchanger, micro channel PCHE were performed. (3) Refrigeration systems with alternative refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, mixed refrigerants, and CO2 were studied. Performance improvement of refrigeration systems are tried applying various ideas of refrigerant subcooling, dual evaporator with hot gas bypass control and feedforward control. The hybrid solar systems combining the solar collection devices with absorption chillers or compression heat pumps are simulated and studied experimentally as well to improve the understanding and the feasibility for actual applications. (4) Research trend in the field of mechanical building facilities has been found to be mainly focused on field applications rather than performance improvements. Various studies on heating and cooling systems, HVAC facilities, indoor air environments and energy resources were carried to improve the maintenance and management of building service equipments. In the field of heating and cooling systems, papers on a transformer cooling system, a combined heat and power, a slab thermal storage and a heat pump were reported. In the field of HVAC facilities, papers on a cooling load, an ondol and a drying were presented. Also, studies on HVAC systems using unutilized indoor air environments and energy resources such as air curtains, bioviolence, cleanrooms, ventilation, district heating, landfill gas were studied. (5) In the field of architectural environment and energy, studies of various purposes were conducted such as indoor environment, building energy, renewable energy and green building. In particular, renewable energy and building energy-related researches have mainly been studied reflecting the global interest. In addition, many researches which related the domestic green building certification of school building were performed to improve the indoor environment of school.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.5-8
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• 1981

This study concerns itself with the development of a new model of comprehensive health service for rural communities of Korea. The study was conceived to resolve the problems of both underservice in rural communities and underutilization of valuable health manpower, namely the nurses, the disenchanted elite health personnel in Korea. On review of the current situation, the greatest deficiencies in the Korean health care system were found in the availability of primary care at the peripheries of md communities, in the dissemination of knowledge of disease prevention and health care, and in the induction of and guidance for active participation by the clientele in health maintenance at the personal, family and community level Abundant untapped health resources were identified that could be brough to bear upon the national effort to extend health services to every member of the Korean Population. Therefore, it was Postulated that the problem of underservice in rural communities of Korea can be structurcturally resolved by the effective mobilization and organization of untapped health resources, and that. a primary care Nursing Service System offers the best possibility for fulfillment of rural health service goals within the current health man-power situation. In order to identify appropriate strategies to combat the present difficulties in Korean rural health services and to utilize nurses and other health personnel in community-centered health programs, a search was made for examples of innovative service models throughout the world. An extensive literature survey and field visits to project sites both in Korea and in the United States were made. Experts in the field of world health, health service, planners, administrators, and medical and nursing practitioners in Korea, in the United States as well as visitors from other Asian countries were widely consulted. On the basis of information and inputs from these experts a new rural health service model has been constructed within the conceptual framework of community development, especially of the innovation diffusion Model. It is considered especially important that citizens in each community develop capacities for self-care with assistance and supports from available health professionals and participate in health service-related decisions that affect their own well-being. The proposed model is based upon the regionalization of health care planning utilizing a comprehensive Nursing Service System at the immediate delivery level The model features: (1) a health administration unit at each administrative level; (2) mechanisms for community participation; (3) a continuous source of primary health care at the local community level; (4) relative centralization of specialty care and provision of tertiary or super-specialty care only at major national metropolitan centers; and (5) a system for patient referral to the appropriate level of care. This model has been built around professional nurses as the key community health workers because their training is particularly suited and because large numbers of well-trained nurses are currently available and being trained. The special element in this model is a professional nurse-guided, self-care facilitating primary care Community Nursing Service System. This is supported by a Nursing Extension Service as a new training and support structure. (See attached diagrams). A broad spectrum of programs was proposed for the Community Nursing Service System. These were designed to establish a balance of activities between the clinic-centered individual care component and the field activity-centered educational and supportive component of health care services. Examples of possible program alternatives and proposed guidelines for health care in specific situations were presented, as well as the roles and functions of the key health personnel within the Community Nursing Service System. This Rural Health Service Model was proposed as a real alternative to the maldistributed, inequitable, uncoordinated solo-practice, physician-centered fee-for-service health care available to Koreans today.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

최근 20 여년간의 괄목할만한 발전을 통해 단일 광섬유 레이저의 출력은 이미 kW 수준을 상회하고 있으며, 기존의 벌크 방식 레이저의 대체 기술로서 여전히 학계 및 산업계의 뜨거운 관심을 받고 있다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 광섬유 레이저의 괄목할만한 성장을 가능하게 한, 이터븀(Ytterbium) 혼입 이득 광섬유 사용 방식, 레이저 다이오드 펌프와 이중 클래딩 광섬유 구조를 통한 광학적 펌프 방식, 더 나아가서 양자결함을 최소화 하는 종렬 펌핑 방식 등 그 주요 요소 기술들을 개괄하고, 그 극한적 고출력화에 따른 발진 효율 및 특성 저하, 시스템 열화 및 불안정성 증대 등과 같은 고출력 광섬유 레이저 기술 자체가 직면하고 있는 다양한 기술적 문제점 및 그 완화 방안을 논의한다. 여기에서는 광섬유 레이저의 고출력화와 더불어 야기되는 다양한 형태의 광섬유내 비선형 현상, 광섬유 손상 및 모드 불안정 현상에 대한 논의를 포함한다. 이와 더불어, 전술한 다양한 출력 제한 현상을 극복함과 동시에 광섬유 레이저의 출력을 현격한 수준으로 더욱 증가시키기 위한 대체 방안으로 최근 주목을 많이 받고 있는 다중 빔 결합 기술에 대해 개괄적으로 논의한다. 특히, 분광형 다중 빔 결합 기술의 개념적 시스템 구성 요소 및 각 부문별 요구 기술에 대해 보다 심화된 논점을 둔다. 최종적으로 현 수준을 뛰어 넘는 광섬유 레이저의 출력 증대와 본 기술의 지속적 발전을 위한 앞으로의 발전 방향을 논의한다.