• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 1994

The effects of packing materials in the anaerobic reactor and inorganic chemicals in the synthetic wastewater on the anaerobic treatment during the start up period were investigated using anaeroic filter process. The Ringlace and Honeycomb tube as packing materials were used in the anaerobic reactors. The Ca$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{2+}$ ion concentration as inorganic chemicals contained higher 40 times and 100 times as compared to the control synthetic wastewater, respectively. A start up period 104 and 150 days were necessary to achieve loading rate of 0.37 and 0.74 kg-Toc/m$^3$.d in the anaerobic filter process packed by Ringlace and Honeycomb tube, respectively. The loading rates of the reactor using the synthetic wastewater containing Ca$^{2+}$ (40 times) could be increased faster than in the reactors using the synthetic wastewater containing Fe$^{2+}$ ion (100 times) and control synthetic wastewater. The results of XMA analysis that a lot of the Ca$^{2+}$ ion on the surface of the anaerobic sludge in the anaerobic reactor packed by Ringlace which were fed supplied with synthetic wastewater containing Ca$^{2+}$ ion (40 times) observed as compared to the reactors supplied with control synthetic wastewater and containing Fe$^{2+}$ ion (100 times).

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.351-367
• /
• 2000

Air-lift biofilm reactor should be an admirable process substituting conventional activated sludge process, because of its small area requirement as well as high volumetric loading capacity and stability against loading and chemical shocks. However most of the past research on the performance of ABR was focused on the sewage treatment. This research studied the applicability of ABR to treat high strength wastewater. A bench-scale ABR was operated to treat high strength synthetic wastewater, tannery wastewater and petrochemical wastewater, and its applicability was conclusive In case of synthetic wastewater, ABR showed good performance in which the substarate removal efficiency was higher that 80% even under short HRT(1.4 hr) and high volumetric loading rate(9.3 kgCODcr/$m^3$.day). When ABR was applied to treat tannery wastewater, it was suggested that the maximum volumetric loading rate and F/M ratio should be 7.7kgCODcr/$m^3$.day, 0.76 $day^{-1}$, respectively. And high substrate removal efficiency over than 90 % was observed with 4,000 mgCODcr/L of petrochemical wastewater. Even though effluent concentration was quite high, ABR should be applicable to treat the high strength wastewater, because of its high loading capacity.

• 한국건축시공학회지
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2003

In this Study, we examined the influence of characteristics of rolling loads by casters on separation resistance of substrate concrete and synthetic resin floor coating. In the experiment, we first prepared floor samples having substrate concrete of various compressive strength, surface hardness and surface configurations, then put the coated samples to the test of separation resistance with Rolling Caster Loading Machine. Three loading conditions consisted of different kinds of casters, rolling conditions, and coating materials. Consequently, we clarified that the grade of separation resistance varied widely according to the characteristics of substrate concrete and rolling loads.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 1991

A new process was developed to degrade PVA(polyvinyl alcohol) in desize wastewater. Two symbiotic bacteria of Pseudomonas strain G5Y and PW were immobilized on the media by adsorption. A natural zeolite was chosen as the best media considering cell adhesion capacity, sedimentation rate, and material cost. PVA and COD removal efficiencies of this system for synthetic wastewater were 84% and 85% at the retention time of 6 hr, when the volumetric loading rate was PVA 8g/L·day and COD 8g/L·day, and cell density was 19,775 mg/L. In case of desire wastewater, they were 78% and 72% at the retention time of 6 hr, respectively, when the volumetric loading rate was PVA 8g/L·day and COD 13.2g/L·day, and cell density was 32,899mg/L. In case of desize wastewater, PVA and COD removal efficiencies were lower than synthetic wastewater, but cell density of the desize wastewater was lower than that of the synthetic wastewater, because there were insufficiency of necessary nutrition and variety of desize materials in the desize wastewater. A pilot test was successfully performed showing 88% and 82%, PVA and COD removal efficiencies at the retention time of 24 hr, when volumetric loading rate were 4.7 PVA g/L·day and COD 6.9g/L·day, and cell density was 12,,324 mg/L.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 1991

A study on the effects of volumetric loading rate, surface loading rate and hydraulic. retention time (HRT) for the anaerobic treatment was conducted with the anaerobic fixed-film process using synthetic wastewater at lower temperature than that of conventional anaerobic treatment. The results are as follows 1. Alkalinity and pH value decreased as the hydraulic retention time increased 2. Increase of the volumetric lodaing rate led to increasl of effluent COD concentration and decrease of COD removal efficiency. 3. The removed volumetric loading rate increased linearly according to the increase of the volumrtric loading rate. 4. Similarly, the linear increase of the removed surface loading rate was noticed with an increase of the surface loading rate.

• 해양환경안전학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1998

Generally, the navigational safety of a ship under various loading conditions is evaluated by a loading manual. However, the loading manual handles only statical factors such as weight and buoyancy of ship without including any wave conditions. Practically ship's safety is much concerned with the occurrences on the rough sea as propeller racing, rolling, deck wetness, vertical acceleration, lateral acceleration, slamming and so on. The purpose of this paper is to present a synthetic and practical evaluation method of navigational safety using the integrated seakeeping performance index(ISPI) under loading conditions of ship in seaways. The method is calculated by means of the ISPI by measuring only vertical acceleration. Judgement of dangerousness is carried out for four lading conditions : homogeneous full loaded, half loaded, heavy ballast loaded, and normal ballast loaded conditions. In developing the practical evaluation system of navigational safety, it is useful to solve the difficulties in measuring factors by sensors. And by applying the evaluation diagrames, navigators are able to avoid dangerousness by keeping away of the danger encountering angle of wave direction which the diagram shows.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.229-243
• /
• 2023

This study analyzes the response of a tall building with an H-shaped cross-section when subjected to wind loading generated by the same H-shape. As normative standards usually adopt regular geometries for determining the wind loading, this paper shows unpublished results which compares results of the dynamic response of H-shaped buildings with the response of simplified section buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to determine the steady wind load on the H-shaped building. The CFD models are validated by comparison with wind tunnel test data for the k-ε and k-ω models of turbulence. Transient wind loading is determined using the Synthetic Wind Method. A new methodology is presented that combines Stochastic and CFD methods. In addition, time-history dynamic structural analysis is performed using the HHT method for a period of 60 seconds on finite element models. First, the along-wind response is studied for wind speed variations. The wind speeds of 28, 36, 42, and 50 m/s at 0° case are considered. Subsequently, the dynamic response of the building is studied for wind loads at 0°, 45°, and 90° with a wind speed of 42 m/s, which approximates the point of resonance between gusts of wind and the structure. The response values associated with the first two directions for the H-shaped building are smaller than those for the R-shaped (Equivalent Rectangular Shape) one. However, the displacements of the H-shaped building associated with the latter wind load are larger.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제37권12호
• /
• pp.1184-1191
• /
• 2009

스마트 무인기 익형 주위의 유동 구조를 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 synthetic jet을 이용하여 천이 비행 모드에서의 수익하중 감소 여부를 파악하였다. 스마트 무인기의 실제 비행 모드에서의 유동 구조를 분석하여 앞전 및 뒷전에서 발생하는 와류에 의해서 수익하중이 크게 증가함을 밝혔다. 이에 앞전과 뒷전에서 발생하는 유동의 박리를 효과적으로 제어하기 위하여 Part 1의 결과를 바탕으로 0.01c, $0.95c_{flap}$ 지점에 jet을 위치시키고 각각 무차원 주파수(F+)를 0.5, 5로 작동시켜 그에 따른 유동구조 변화와 항력 감소율을 알아보았다. 그 결과 천이 비행 모드에서의 유동 제어를 위해서는 앞전에 위치한 jet만을 작동시킬 경우 가장 효과적으로 수익하중을 감소시킬 수 있음을 밝혔다. 이에 정지 비행 모드에서 뿐만 아니라 천이 비행 모드에서 synthetic jet을 이용하여 유동을 제어한다면 스마트전 비행 모드에서의 비행성능과 안정성을 동시에 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제37권12호
• /
• pp.1173-1183
• /
• 2009

스마트 무인기 익형 주위의 유동 구조를 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 synthetic jet을 이용하여 정지 비행 모드에서의 수익하중 감소 여부를 파악하였다. 스마트 무인기의 실제 비행 모드에 대하여 유동 구조를 분석하여 앞전 및 뒷전에서 발생하는 와류에 의해서 수익 하중이 크게 증가함을 밝혔다. 이에 앞전과 뒷전에서 발생하는 유동의 박리를 제어하기 위하여 0.01c, $0.3c_{flap}$, $0.95c_{flap}$ 위치에 jet을 위치시켰다. 또한 무차원 주파수(F+)의 변화에 따른 유동 구조 변화와 항력 감소율을 알아보았다. 그 결과, 와류의 유동 구조를 변화시켜 앞전과 뒷전에서 발생하는 거대한 와류의 박리 주기를 짧게 하고 와류의 크기를 감소시켜 정지 비행 모드에서 수익 하중을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.561-569
• /
• 2017

In this study, a synthetic amine made using the ethylene oxide-ammonia reaction was used as an absorbent to remove carbon dioxide. Existing absorbents were used in a mix in order to improve performance; however, because the ethylene oxide-ammonia reaction generates primary, secondary, and tertiary amines simultaneously, it has the merit that separate mixing of the absorbents was not needed. The performance of carbon dioxide absorption with the synthetic amine was compared to that of MEA. As a result of an experiment, it was determined that the $CO_2$ loading was 1.15 times better than that of MEA (a commonly used amine), while the cyclic capacity was 2.28 times higher. Because the heat of reaction was 1.10 times lower than for MEA, the synthetic amine showed superior performance in terms of absorption and regeneration.