• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Layered Ni-rich NCM cathode materials $Li[Ni_xCo_{(1-x)/2}Mn_{(1-x)/2}]O_2$ ($x{\geq}0.6$) have advantages of high energy density and cost competitive over $LiCoO_2$. The discharge capacity of NCM increases proportionally to the Ni contents. However, there is a problem that it is difficult to realize the stable electrochemical performance due to cation mixing. In this study, synthesis conditions for the layered Ni-rich NCMs are investigated to achieve deliver the ones having good electrochemical performances. Synthesis parameters are atmosphere, lithium source, synthesis time, synthesis temperature and Li/M (M=transition metal) ratio. The degree of cation mixing gets worse as the Ni content is increased from $Li[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]O_2$ (NCM6) to $Li[Ni_{0.8}Co_{0.1}Mn_{0.1}]O_2$ (NCM8). It is confirmed that higher level of cation mixing affects negatively on the electrochemical performance of NCMs. Optimum synthesis conditions are explored for NCMx (x=6, 7, 8) in order to reduce the cation mixing. Under optimized conditions for three representative NCMx, a high initial discharge capacity and a good cycle life are obtained for $180mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 96.2% (50 cycle) in NCM6, $187mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 94.7% (50 cycle) in NCM7, and $201mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 92.7% (50 cycle) in NCM8, respectively.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.6 s.68
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• pp.37-43
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• 2005

[ $LiCoO_{2}$ ] nanoparticles were synthesized from leach liquor of lithium ion battery waste using flame spray pyrolysis. Electrode Materials containing lithium and cobalt could be concentrated with thermal and mechanical treatment. After dissolution of used cathode materials of the lithium battery with nitric acid, the molar ratio of Li/Co in the leach liquor was adjusted at 1.0 by adding a fresh $LiNO_{3}$ solution. The nanoparticles synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis showed clear crystallinity and were nearly spherical, and their average primary particle diameters ranged from 11 to 35 nm. The average particle diameter increased with an increase in the molar concentration of the precursor. Raising the maximum flame temperature by controlling the gas flow rates also led to an increase in the average diameter of the particles. The $LiCoO_{2}$ powder was proved to have good characteristics as cathode active materials in charge/discharge capacity and cyclic performance.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2010

$Li_2PtO_3$ thin film electrodes, which might be possible candidate for the cathode materials for implantable batteries, were synthesized using an electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique onto a platinum foil substrate. Single phase $Li_2PtO_3$with a structure similar to layered $LiCoO_2$ structure were synthesized by spraying a precursor solution of $CH_3CO_2Li2H_2O$ in ethanol onto a Pt substrate at temperatures ranging from 200 to $400^{\circ}C$ followed by annealing at above $600^{\circ}C$. Lithium carbonate was the only major phase at temperatures up to $500^{\circ}C$. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of the Pt foil substrate and lithium carbonate disappeared at temperatures >$600^{\circ}C$. The volumetric capacity of the $Li_2PtO_3$ thin film synthesized using the ESD technique was approximately 817 mAh/$cm^3$, which exceeded that of $LiCoO_2$ (711 mAh/$cm^3$).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.515-521
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• 2001

출발 물질로서 L $i_2$C $O_3$, NiC $O_3$, CoC $O_3$를 사용하고 조성과 합성 온도를 변화시켜, 고온 고상법에 의하여 LiN $i_{1-y}$ $Co_{y}$ $O_2$(y=0.1, 0.3, 0.5)를 합성하였다. 합성과 시료들의 결정구조, 미세구조 그리고 전기화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 80$0^{\circ}C$와 8$50^{\circ}C$에서 제조한 L $i_{x}$N $i_{1-y}$ $Co_{y}$ $O_2$는, 삼방정계(space group: R3m)의 $\alpha$-NaFe $O_2$구조로 결정화되어 있는 층상 구조를 형성하였다. LiN $i_{1-y}$ $Co_{y}$ $O_2$(y=0.1, 0.3, 0.5)는 Co의 양이 증가함에 따라 a축과 c축의 크기가 감소하였는데, 이는 코발트 이온의 크기가 니켈 이온의 크기보다 작은데 기인하는 것이다. 그러나 c축과 a축의 크기의 비(c/a)가 증가하였음은 이차원적 구조가 잘 발달됨을 보여준다. 니켈에 대한 코발트의 치환량에 따른 리튬 이온의 삽입/추출 가역성은 코발트의 치환량이 증가하면서 증가하여 y=0.3인 LiN $i_{0.9}$ $Co_{0.1}$ $O_2$에서 대체로 우수하였고 그 이상으로 y값이 증가하면 가역성이 나빠졌다. 80$0^{\circ}C$에서 합성한 LiN $i_{0.9}$ $Co_{0.1}$ $O_2$가 가장 큰 초기 방전 용량 146 mAh/g을 나타내었으며, 싸이클링 성능도 비교적 우수하였다. 8$50^{\circ}C$에서 합성한 LiN $i_{0.9}$ $Co_{0.1}$ $O_2$와 LiN $i_{0.7}$ $Co_{0.3}$ $O_2$가 우수한 싸이클링 성능을 보였다.다. 싸이클링 성능을 보였다.다.보였다.다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 1997

The pseudo-spinel type solid solution, $LiAl_{2.5}/Fe_{2.5}O_8$ was prepared by reaction of $LiCO_3, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3$ mixture at 1620K, which can be used for cathode material in lithium batteries. Its structure was investigated by Rietveld profile-analysis of XRD in detail. The space group of solid solution is $P4_3$32(a=8.1293$\AA$) and the final residual index of structure refinement was about 5%. Cations $Al^{3+}, Fe^{3+}$ are located at both tetra- and octahedral-coordination and $Li^+$ ions are occupied in the octahedral 4b-, 12d-site of the inverse spinel.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2016

The layered $Na_{0.6}Li_{0.6}[Mn_{0.72}Ni_{0.18}Co_{0.10}]O_2$ composite with well crystalized and high specific capacity is prepared by molten-salt method and using the substitution of Na for Li-ion battery. The effects of annealing temperature, time, Na contents, and electrochemical performance are investigated. In XRD analysis, the substitution of Na-ion resulted in the P2-$Na_{2/3}MO_2$ structure ($Na_{0.70}MO_{2.05}$), which co-exists in the $Na_{0.6}Li_{0.6}[Mn_{0.72}Ni_{0.18}Co_{0.10}]O_2$ composites. The discharge capacities of cathode materials exhibited $284mAhg^{-1}$ with higher initial coulombic efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.850-854
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• 2011

Nano-fibers of the $Li[Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}]O_2$ electrode were synthesized from a metal oxide precursor using the electrospun method. The XRD patterns of all prepared powders showed a hexagonal ${\alpha}$ - $NaFeO_2$ structure (space group: R-3 m, 166). Scanning electron microscopy showed that all the synthesized samples were comprised of nanofibers with a size of 100~800 nm. Among the samples tested, the calcined $Li[Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}]O_2$ nanowires in oxygen heating atmosphere showed a high charge and discharge capacity of 239.22 and 172.81 $mAhg^{-1}$ at the $1^{st}$ cycle, respectively. In addition, the charge transfer resistance was also improved significantly compared to the other samples.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.110-114
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• 2010

Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ materials with various pore-sized istributions were synthesized by using triblockcopolymers via a sol-gel process in a queous solution. The properties of the se materials were characterized by HR-TEM, XRD, and BET analysis. All particles have spherical morphology with a diameterrange of $1-3{\mu}m$. The mesoporous $TiO_2$ materials calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ and their specific surface area, average pore size and crystallite sizes were 210 $m^2g^{-1}$, 6.4 nm and 8.8 nm respectively. The Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ were tested for $CO_2$ adsorption and its adsorption capacity is 90mg/g. The Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ ar eobserved to be thermally stable, recyclable and greens or bent for $CO_2$ capture. The effect of bimetallic $ZrLiTiO_2$ is also studied for $CO_2$ adsorption.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1996

The optimum conditons were experimentally established for the powder synthesis and sintering of the feed-rods for $LiNbO_3$ crystal growth by a floating zone method. At the lower synthesis temperatures(700, $ 800^{\circ}C$) the minor amounts of $Li_2CO_3$ and $Nb_2O_5$ were present in the synthesized $LiNbO_3$ powder and at the higher temperature the particle size increased which is not favorable for the sintering process for the feed-rods. $LiNbO_3$ powder synthesized at $950^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours was found to be the best because it contains only the$LiNbO_3$ phase with the small particle size and uniform particle size distribution. As the sintering temperature and the soaking time increase, the sintered feed-rods exhibited the higher sintered density and grain growth phenomena. The $LiNbO_3$ feed rods sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were found to have the best microstructure for the precursor feed-rods of the floating zone crystal growth because of their higher density, small grain size and uniform particle size distribution. As the sintering temperature and the soaking time increase, the sintered feed-rods exhibited the higher sintered density and grain growth phenomena. The $LiNbO_3$ feed rods sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were found to have the best microstructure for the precursor feed-rods of the floating zone crystal growth because of their density, small grain size and uniform grain size distribution.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.109-109
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• 1998