• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2004

Northern Gyeonggi Province(NGP), consisting of 3 counties, is the northernmost region in South Korea adjacent to the de-militarized zone with North Korea. To supplement insufficient spatial coverage of official climate data and climate atlases based on those data, high-resolution digital climate models(DCM) were prepared to support weather- related activities of residents in NGP Monthly climate data from 51 synoptic stations across both North and South Korea were collected for 1981-2000. A digital elevation model(DEM) for this region with 30m cell spacing was used with the climate data for spatially interpolating daily maximum and minimum temperatures, solar irradiance, and precipitation based on relevant topoclimatological models. For daily minimum temperature, a spatial interpolation scheme accommodating the potential influences of cold air accumulation and the temperature inversion was used. For daily maximum temperature estimation, a spatial interpolation model loaded with the overheating index was used. Daily solar irradiances over sloping surfaces were estimated from nearby synoptic station data weighted by potential relative radiation, which is the hourly sum of relative solar intensity. Precipitation was assumed to increase with the difference between virtual terrain elevation and the DEM multiplied by an observed rate. Validations were carried out by installing an observation network specifically for making comparisons with the spatially estimated temperature pattern. Freezing risk in January was estimated for major fruit tree species based on the DCMs under the recurrence intervals of 10, 30, and 100 years, respectively. Frost risks at bud-burst and blossom of tree flowers were also estimated for the same resolution as the DCMs.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2003

이 연구는 일본 중서부 지방에서 1996년 겨울철에 발생한 뇌우의 관측 자료를 분석한 것이다. 관측기간 중 35 회의 뇌우가 발생하였으며 발생된 뇌 방전 수는 4426개였다. 관측된 뇌 방전 수를 뇌 방전 종별로 구분하여 그 발생비율을 구하였고, 뇌 방전의 종류와 기압배치와의 관계도 분석하였다. 그 결과 구름 뇌 방전의 비율은 약 78%이었으며, 양극성 낙뢰가 42.3%로 나타났다. 동계의 낙뢰활동은 미약하나 0${\sim}$5시에 가장 강하였다. 또한, 낙뢰는 북서 계절풍이 강한 경우에 활발하게 발생되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다중뇌와 다지점 낙뢰의 분석결과 평균 다중도는 1.4이고, 평균 다지점 낙뢰는 1.2로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.983-999
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• 2010

Wind power energy is one of the favorable and fast growing renewable energies. It is most important for exact analysis of wind to evaluate and forecast the wind power energy. The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of numerical atmospheric model by data assimilation over a complex coastal area. The benefit of the profiler is its high temporal resolution and dense observation data at the lower troposphere. Three wind profiler sites used in this study are inhomogeneously situated near south-western coastal area of Korean Peninsula. The method of the data assimilation for using the profiler to the model simulation is the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR). The experiment of two cases, with/without assimilation, were conducted for how to effect on model results with wind profiler data. It was found that the assimilated case shows the more reasonable results than the other case compared with vertical observation and surface Automatic Weather Station(AWS) data. Although the effect of sonde data was better than profiler at a higher altitude, the profiler data improves the model performance at lower atmosphere. Comparison with the results of 4 June and 5 June suggests that the efficiency with hourly assimilated profiler data is strongly influenced by synoptic conditions. The reduction rate of Normalized Mean Error(NME), mean bias normalized by averaged wind speed of observation, on 4 June was 28% which was larger than 13% of 5 June. In order to examine the difference in wind power energy, the wind power density(WPD) was calculated and compared.

• 대기
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2020

In this study, Yeongdong cold air damming (YCAD) cases that occur in winters have been selected using automatic weather station data of the Yeongdong region of Korea. The vertical and horizontal scales of YCAD were analyzed using rawinsonde and numerical weather model. YCAD occurred in two typical synoptic patterns such that low pressure and trough systems crossing and passing over Korea (low crossing type: LC and low passing type: LP). When the Siberian high does not expand enough to the Korean peninsula, low pressure and trough systems are likely to move over Korea. Eventually this could lead to surface temperature (3.1℃) higher during YCAD than the average in the winter season (1.6℃). The surface temperature during YCAD, however, was decrease by 1.3℃. The cold air layer was elevated around 120 m~450 m for LP-type. For LC-type, the cold layer were found at less than approximately 400 m and over 1,000 m, which could be thought of combined phenomena with synoptic and local weather forcing. The cross-sectional analysis results indicate the accumulation of cold air on the east mountain slope. Additionally, the north or northeasterly winds turned to the northwesterly wind near the coast in all cases. The horizontal wind turning point of LC-type was farther from the top of the mountain (52.2 km~71.5 km) than that of LP-type (20.0 km~43.0 km).

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.65-81
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 LIS(Land Information System)를 기반으로 구축된 K-LIS(Korea-Land surface Information System)의 KLDAS(Korea Land Data Assimilation System)를 사용하여 남한 전역을 대상으로 토양수분 및 증발산량을 산출하였다. K-LIS를 구동하고, KLDAS를 구축하기 위해 사용된 수문기상 데이터 세트는 MERRA-2(Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2), GDAS(Global Data Assimilation System) 그리고 종관기상관측(ASOS, Automated Synoptic Observing System) 자료이다. ASOS는 지점 자료이므로 KLDAS에 적용하기 위해 0.125°의 공간해상도를 가진 격자형 자료로 변환하였다(ASOS-S, ASOS-Spatial). KLDAS에 적용된 수문기상 데이터 세트를 지상관측자료(ASOS)와 비교한 결과 ASOS-S, MERRA-2, GDAS의 R² 평균은 각각 온도(0.994, 0.967, 0.975), 기압(0.995, 0.940, 0.942), 습도(0.993, 0.895, 0.915), 강우량(0.897, 0.682, 0.695)으로 분석되었다. 또한, 토양수분의 R² 평균은 ASOS-S(0.493), MERRA-2(0.56), GDAS(0.488)이며, 증발산량의 R² 평균은 ASOS-S(0.473), MERRA-2(0.43), GDAS(0.615)로 분석되었다. MERRA-2, GDAS는 다수의 위성 및 지상관측자료를 활용하여 품질관리된 데이터 세트인 반면, ASOS-S는 103개 지점의 관측자료를 사용한 격자 자료이다. 따라서, 관측자료간 거리 차이로 인한 오차가 발생하여 정확도가 낮아진 것으로 판단되며, 향후 ASOS보다 많은 지점의 관측자료를 확보하여 적용한다면 격자화로 인한 오차가 줄어들어 정확도가 높아질 것으로 판단된다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2012

고추 풋마름병 예찰을 위한 개체군 모형을 개발하였다. 이 모델은 포장에서 고추 시들음을 일으키는 풋마름병원균의 월동 후 1차 감염 시기를 예측할 수 있는 모델이다. 이 모델은 감염환 중 병원균의 밀도와 기주에서의 병원성에 관여하는 요인이 발병의 주요소라 가정하여 만든 것이다. 병원균 증식은 재배 지역 토양 내부와 기주뿌리 내부에서 모의하였다. 뿌리에서 풋마름병 발병에 영향을 주는 주된 환경요소는 온도 및 감염 초기의 병원균 밀도로 가정하였고, 이 두 요소의 액체 배양액에서 증식실험을 통해 정량화 하였다. 또한 고추묘에서 온도에 따라 발병이 얼마나 달라지는 정도를 실험실 실험을 통해 접종원의 감염 수준을 정량화하여 감염을 모의하는 발병모형을 만들었다. 토양에 서식하는 병원균은 400 cells/g이상에서 기주 뿌리에 성공적으로 침입하고 뿌리내에서 온도에 따라 증식하다가 $10^9$ cells/g 이상이면 최소 고사율에 도달하므로, 이 시기를 풋마름병이 최초 감염(1차 감염)되는 초발일로 추정하였다. 2010년과 11년 전국 기상청 종관관측 자료를 통해 풋마름병을 예측한 결과 2011년에 초발일은 대부분의 지역에서 7월 중순과 하순이었는데 이는 2010년에 비해 10-15일 빠른 것이었다. 또한 경기도 지역내에서 종관관측 자료와 실제 논과 과수원 포장 관측 기상 자료로 구동된 모델 초발일을 비교한 결과 포장 기상 자료의 초발일이 1-3일 빠르게 나타났다.

• 대기
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.611-622
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• 2015

Heavy rainfall ($>30mm\;hr^{-1}$) over the Korean Peninsula is examined in order to understand thermo-dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere, using radiosonde observational data from seven upper-air observation stations during the last 17 years (1997~2013). A total of 82 heavy rainfall cases during the summer season (June-August) were selected for this study. The average values of thermo-dynamic indices of heavy rainfall events are Total Precipitable Water (TPW) = 60 mm, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) = $850J\;kg^{-1}$, Convective Inhibition (CIN) = $15J\;kg^{-1}$, Storm Relative Helicity (SRH) = $160m^2s^{-2}$, and 0~3 km bulk wind shear = $5s^{-1}$. About 34% of the cases were associated with a Changma front; this pattern is more significant than other synoptic pressure patterns such as troughs (22%), migratory cyclones (15%), edges of high-pressure (12%), typhoons (11%), and low-pressure originating from Changma fronts (6%). The spatial distribution of thermo-dynamic conditions (CAPE and SRH) is similar to the range of thunderstorms over the United States, but extreme conditions (supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes) did not appear in the Korean Peninsula. Synoptic conditions, vertical buoyancy (CAPE, CIN), and wind parameters (SRH, shear) are shown to discriminate among the environments of the three types. The first type occurred with high CAPE and low wind shear by the edge of the high pressure pattern, but Second type is related to Changma front and typhoon, exhibiting low CAPE and high wind shear. The last type exhibited characteristics intermediate between the first and second types, such as moderate CAPE and wind shear near the migratory cyclone and trough.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.572-583
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• 2019

본 연구는 서울에서 강한 강수와 관련된 대기연직구조를 객관적으로 분류하고 대표 종관장과 강수 특성을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2009년부터 2018년까지 여름철 (6~8월) 서울에서 강한 강수(>15 mm hr^-1) 시 오산에서 비양된 레윈존데 자료에 객관적 방법을 적용하여 대기연직구조를 분류하였다. 그 결과 대기 전체가 습윤한 형태인 Thin Tube (TT) 형이 34.7% (17회), 건조한 하층 위로 습윤한 층이 존재하는 Inverted V (IV) 형이 20.4% (10회), 습윤한 하층 위로 건조한 공기가 침투하는 Loaded Gun (LG)이 20.4% (10회)로 분석되었다. TT형의 경우 SRH 값이 357.6 J kg^-1으로 역학적 불안정이 큰 반면, LG와 IV형의 경우 1000 hPa부터 600 hPa까지 열적 불안정이 큰 특징을 보였다. NCEP/FNL 자료를 사용한 합성장 분석에서 TT형의 경우 기압골 전면(500 hPa)인 서해상에 저기압이 위치하여(850 hPa) 저기압이 강화될 수 있는 종관 패턴이 형성되었다. IV와 LG형의 경우 북만주와 중국의 북동에 강한 저기압이 위치하는 종관 패턴을 보이며, 기압경도에 의한 남서기류의 유입이 상대적으로 약하였다. 강수 전반부에 강수가 집중되는 형태가 모든 유형에서 나타났으며, 특히 IV형의 경우 강수 전반 높은 강도로 강수가 집중되어 내린다. TT형의 경우 가장 많은 강수량(123.9 mm)을 보였지만 다른 유형과 비교하였을 때, 강수가 전·후반 고르게 오랜 시간 지속되는 특징을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 서울에서 강수와 관련된 고층관측자료의 이해도를 높이는 동시에 강수 예보기술 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대기
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2016

Polar lows are intense mesoscale cyclones that mainly occur over the sea in polar regions. Owing to their small spatial scale of a diameter less than 1000 km, simulating polar lows is a challenging task. At King Sejong station in West Antartica, polar lows are often observed. Despite the recent significant climatic changes observed over West Antarctica, adequate validation of regional simulations of extreme weather events such as polar lows are rare for this region. To address this gap, simulation results from a recent version of the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting model (Polar WRF) covering Antartic Peninsula at a high horizontal resolution of 3 km are validated against near-surface meteorological observations. We selected a case of high wind speed event on 7 January 2013 recorded at Automatic Meteorological Observation Station (AMOS) in King Sejong station, Antarctica. It is revealed by in situ observations, numerical weather prediction, and reanalysis fields that the synoptic and mesoscale environment of the strong wind event was due to the passage of a strong mesoscale polar low of center pressure 950 hPa. Verifying model results from 3 km grid resolution simulation against AMOS observation showed that high skill in simulating wind speed and surface pressure with a bias of $-1.1m\;s^{-1}$ and -1.2 hPa, respectively. Our evaluation suggests that the Polar WRF can be used as a useful dynamic downscaling tool for the simulation of Antartic weather systems and the near-surface meteorological instruments installed in King Sejong station can provide invaluable data for polar low studies over West Antartica.

• 대기
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2007

The present study uses the GOES IR brightness temperature to examine the temporal and spatial variability of cloud activity over the region $25^{\circ}N-45^{\circ}N$, $105^{\circ}E-135^{\circ}E$ and analyzes the coherence of eastern Asian summer season rainfall in Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Time-longitude diagram of the time period from June to July 2005 shows a signal of eastward propagation in the WRF model and convective index derived from GOES IR data. The rain streaks in time-latitude diagram reveal coherence during the experiment period. Diurnal and synoptic scales are evident in the power spectrum of the time series of convective index and WRF rainfall. The diurnal cycle of early morning rainfall in the WRF model agrees with GOES IR data in the Korean Peninsula, but the afternoon convection observed by satellite observation in China is not consistent with the WRF rainfall which is represented at the dawn. Although there are errors in strength and timing of convection, the model predicts a coherent tendency of rainfall occurrence during summer season.