• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.103-119
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• 2023

Since the Korean government has decided to apply the policy of BIM (Building Information Modeling) to the entire construction industry, it has experienced a positive trend in adoption and utilization. BIM can reduce workloads by building model objects into libraries that conform to standards and enable consistent quality, data integrity, and compatibility. In the domestic architecture, civil engineering, and the overseas landscape architecture sectors, many BIM library standardization studies have been conducted, and guidelines have been established based on them. Currently, basic research and attempts to introduce BIM are being made in Korean landscape architecture field, but the diffusion has been delayed due to difficulties in application. This can be addressed by enhancing the efficiency of BIM work using standardized libraries. Therefore, this study aims to provide a starting point for discussions and present a classification system for objects and attribute information that can be referred to when creating landscape libraries in practice. The standardization of landscape BIM library was explored from two directions: object classification and attribute information items. First, the Korean construction information classification system, product inventory classification system, landscape design and construction standards, and BIM object classification of the NLA (Norwegian Association of Landscape Architects) were referred to classify landscape objects. As a result, the objects were divided into 12 subcategories, including 'trees', 'shrubs', 'ground cover and others', 'outdoor installation', 'outdoor lighting facility', 'stairs and ramp', 'outdoor wall', 'outdoor structure', 'pavement', 'curb', 'irrigation', and 'drainage' under five major categories: 'landscape plant', 'landscape facility', 'landscape structure', 'landscape pavement', and 'irrigation and drainage'. Next, the attribute information for the objects was extracted and structured. To do this, the common attribute information items of the KBIMS (Korean BIM Standard) were included, and the object attribute information items that vary according to the type of objects were included by referring to the PDT (Product Data Template) of the LI (UK Landscape Institute). As a result, the common attributes included information on 'identification', 'distribution', 'classification', and 'manufacture and supply' information, while the object attributes included information on 'naming', 'specifications', 'installation or construction', 'performance', 'sustainability', and 'operations and maintenance'. The significance of this study lies in establishing the foundation for the introduction of landscape BIM through the standardization of library objects, which will enhance the efficiency of modeling tasks and improve the data consistency of BIM models across various disciplines in the construction industry.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.484-497
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• 2024

Neonicotinoid pesticides, widely used worldwide as potent insecticides, have been found to have detrimental effects on the environment and living organisms due to their persistent residues. This study aimed to investigate the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid, and clothianidin, focusing on their impact on honey bee toxicity and foliar residue levels. Alfalfa was selected as control crop while bell peppers, and cucumbers were chosen as representative application crops, respectively. The investigation involved comparing the toxicity and foliar residue levels resulting from soil and foliar treatments, with a focus on identifying potential shortcomings in conventional foliar residue toxicity testing methods. Imidacloprid and clothianidin were applied to crops or soil at recommended rates and through irrigation. The honey bee mortality rate (RT₂₅) over time was determined, and pesticide residues on leaves were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that foliar treatment with imidacloprid on alfalfa resulted in an RT₂₅ of less than 1 day, with residues ranging from 1.07 to 19.27 mg/kg. In contrast, application on bell peppers showed RT₂₅ within 9 days, with residues ranging from 1.00 to 45.10 mg/kg. Clothianidin foliar treatment displayed RT₂₅ within 10 days on alfalfa, with residues between 0.61 and 2.57 mg/kg. On bell peppers, RT₂₅ was within 28 days, with residues ranging from 0.13 to 2.85 mg/kg. Soil treatment with imidacloprid and clothianidin in alfalfa exhibited minimal impact on honey bees and residues of 0.05 to 0.37 mg/kg. However, in applied crops, imidacloprid showed RT₂₅ within 28 days and residues ranging from 4.47 to 130.43 mg/kg, while clothianidin exhibited RT₂₅ within 35 days and residues between 5.96 and 42.32 mg/kg. In conclusion, when comparing honey bee toxicity and foliar residues among crops, application crops had a more significant impact on honey bee mortality and higher residue levels compared to control crops. Moreover, soil treatment for application crops resulted in higher RT₂₅ and residue levels compared to foliar treatment. Therefore, to ensure pesticide safety and environmental sustainability, diverse research approaches considering different crops and application methods are necessary for the safety assessment of imidacloprid and clothianidin.