• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

A study on the variational characteristics of water quality and phytoplankton biomass by principal component analysis(PCA) was carried out in Kogum-sudo from February to October in 1993. We analyzed PCA on biological factors such as chlorophyll a and phytoplankton cell numbers for centric and pennate diatoms, phytoflagellates, and total phytoplankton as well as physico-chemical factors as water temperature, salinity, transparency, dissolved oxygen(DO), saturation of DO, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), chemical oxygen demand(COD), nutrient (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate), N/P ratio and suspended solid(SS). The source of nutrients supply depended on the mineralization of organic matters and inputs of seawater from outside rather than runoff of freshwater. The phytoplankton biomass was changed within short interval period by nutrients change. And it was controlled by the combination of several environmental factors, especially of light intensity, ammonia and phosphate. The marine environmental characteristics were determined by the mineralization of organic matters in winter, by runoff of freshwater including high nutrients concentration in spring, by ammonia uptake and high phytoplankton productivity in summer, and phosphate supplied input seawater from outside of Kogeum-sudo in autumn. And Kogum-sudo was separated with 2 regions by score distributions of PCA. That is to say, one region was middle parts of straits which was characterized by the mixing seawater and the accumulated organic matters, other one region was Pungnam Bay and the water around Kogum Island which was done by high phytoplankyon biomass and productivity year-round.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to propose an alternative process for the small sewage treatment plants in rural communities. A biofilter has been used for biological wastewater treatment, which is becoming the alternative to the conventional activated sludge system. The proposed process used in this study, which is packed with floating media (i.e. expanded polystylene), has advantages of biofilter system and alternative flow system and they are incorporated into one process. Pilot and bench scale studies were performed using domestic wastewater. In the results of pilot plant study, it was observed that the stable effluent water quality was achieved and it met the present effluent criteria of suspended solid (SS), organic matters, T-N and T-P. In the study for determination of the cycle of backwashing, it was observed that the cycle of backwashing depended on BOD loading rates of influents. In the BOD loading rates of $0.5kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and $1.0kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the backwashing cycle of 28 hour and 16 hour were needed, respectively. The optimum backwashing time was 120~80 seconds at the media expansion rate of 50%. In the removal of SS, organic matters, T-N and T-P, SS removal was rather achieved by physical filtration than biological mechanism and the removal of organic matters except for SS, T-N and T-P were mainly rather achieved by biological mechanism than physical filtration. In bench-scale study, the effects of recirculation rate was investigated on removal of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P. It was observed that the recirculation made removal efficiencies of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P increased. Especially, in T-N removal, the increase of T-N removal efficiency of 40% was observed in the reicirculation rate of 1Q compared with 0Q.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.721-731
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• 2004

The dispersion of suspended particulates in the coastal complex terrain of mountain-inland basin (city)-sea, considering their recycling was investigated using three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). Convective boundary layer under synoptic scale westerly wind is developed with a thickness of about I km over the ground in the west of the mountain, while a thickness of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) is only confined to less than 200m along the eastern slope of the mountain, below an easterly sea breeze circulation. At the mid of the eastern slop of the mountain, westerly wind confronts easterly sea breeze, which goes to the height of 1700 m above sea level and is finally eastward return flow toward the sea. At this time, particulates floated from the ground surface of the city to the top of TIBL go along the eastern slope of the mountain in the passage of sea breeze, being away the TIBL and reach near the top of the mountain. Then those particulates disperse eastward below the height of sea-breeze circulation and widely spread out over the coastal sea. Total suspended particulate concentration near the ground surface of the city is very low. On the other hand, nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) of 200 m thickness over the inland surface, but relatively thin thickness less than 100m is found near the mountain surface. As synoptic scale westerly wind should be intensified under the association of mountain wind along the eastern slope of mountain to inland plain and further combine with land-breeze from inland plain toward sea, resulting in strong wind as internal gravity waves with a hydraulic jump motion bounding up to about 1km upper level in the atmosphere in the west of the city and becoming a eastward return flow. Simultaneously, wind near the eastern coastal side of the city was moderate. Since the downward strong wind penetrated into the city, the particulate matters floated near the top of the mountain in the day also moved down along the eastern slope of the mountain, reaching the. downtown and merging in the ground surface inside the NSIL with a maximum ground level concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) at 0300 LST. Some of them were bounded up from the ground surface to the 1km upper level and the others were forward to the coastal sea surface, showing their dispersions from the coastal NSIL toward the propagation area of internal gravity waves. On the next day at 0600 LST and 0900 LST, the dispersed particulates into the coastal sea could return to the coastal inland area under the influence of sea breeze and the recycled particulates combine with emitted ones from the ground surface, resulting in relatively high TSP concentration. Later, they float again up to the thermal internal boundary layer, following sea breeze circulation.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.93-108
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• 1992

제주도 연안 지역 22개 관측점에서 1988년 3월부터 1989년 11월까지 매월 부유 물질 농도를 조사하고, 바람, 강수량 등과의 관계를 알아보았다. 총고형 물질과 총용존성 고형 물질은 염분의 영향을 크게 받아 봄철에 그 농도가 가장 높고, 여름철에 가장 낮았다. 제주도 연안 해 역에서의 연평균 총부유성 고형 물질의 값은 6.3 $mg/{\ell}$($3.7{\~}9.0\;mg/{\ell}$)었으며, 2월에 $7.73\;mg/{\ell}(5.12{\~}\;10.53\;mg/{\ell})$로 가장 높고, 9월에 $4.73mg/{\ell}(2.74{\~}7.31\;mg/\{ell}$)로 가장 낮았다. 휘발성 부유 물질의 연평균치는 $1.8\;mg/{\ell}$였으며 월별 변화 양상은 7월이 $2.03\;mg/{\ell}$으로 가장 높고, 9월이 $1.42\;mg/{\ell}$로 가장 낮았다. VSS/TSS의 평균치는 30.6 ($22.8{\~}52.5{\%}$)로 다른 지역에 비해 높지는 않았으나 여름철이 평균 $34.17{\%}(22.8${\~}61.4{\%}$)로 높고, 겨울철이 $24.2{\%}(6.3{\~}43.5{\%}$)로 가장 낮았다. 유기성 부유 물질의 연평균치는 $4.5\lmg/{\ell}(2.2{\~}6.8\;mg/{\ell}$)였으며, 총부유성 고형 물질과 비슷한 변화 양상을 보였다. 제주도 연안 해역에서의 총부유성 고형 물질의 농도 변화는 하천수의 유입이나 조석력과 같은 외력과 섬 지방의 강한 풍랑에 의한 침전물의 재부유에 의한 영향이 크게 미치고 있다. 하천수 유입량의 계절적 변동은 희석률을 크게 증감 시킴으로서 총부유성 고형 물질의 농도가 여름철에 상대적으로 낮고 겨울철에는 높아지는 경향이었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1999

This study is carried out to investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric deposition in Cheju Island, Korea. For this purpose, dustfall matter samples are collected by dust jar from August, 1995 to July, 1996 at five sampling sites and total suspended particulate matters (TSP) and rain are also collected at one site from October, 1995 to July, 1996. All the samples collected are analyzed, and then the information of the 19 chemical species and deposition amount of each species is obtained. These data are used to determine the regional trends in dustfall chemistry and deposition, and compare the characteristics of chemical compositions between dustfall, TSP and rainwater.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1996

Total suspended particulate matters (TSP) were collected based on a size segregation method by a cascade impactor for 6 consecutive years (form Dec. 1989 to sep. 1994) in the Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus, and 6 trace metals (Ca, Si, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn) were determined by an x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Total number of samples collected during the study are 118 sets and each set of sample comsists of 9 filters. The levels of TSP and 6 trace metals were then used to examine seasonal and annual variations with respects to their size distributions. For statistical analyses, raw data were initially transformed by both logarithmic and root transformating to approximately normalize them, and then size distribution functions for each trace element were separately developed season-to-season by a regression analysis in order to obtain maximum amount of physical information, Subsequently, each developed model was verified by comparing with supervised data collected on 1994. The result showed that each prediction model was in good agreement except the fall, partly due to lack of the data collected on fall, 1994.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.705-713
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• 2016

This study investigates the concentration sudden rise in fine particle according to resuspended dust from paved roads after sudden heavy rain in Busan on August 25, 2015. The localized torrential rainfall in Busan area occurred as tropical airmass flow from the south and polar airmass flow from north merged. Orographic effect of Mt. Geumjeong enforced rainfall and it amounted to maximum 80 mm/hr at Dongrae and Geumjeong region in Busan. This heavy rain induced flood and landslide in Busan and the nearby areas. The sudden heavy rain moved soil and gravel from mountainous region, which deposited on paved roads and near roadside. These matters on road suspended by an automobile transit, and increased fine particle concentration of air. In addition outdoor fine particle of high concentration flowed in indoor by shoes, cloths and air circulation.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

본 연구는 하수와 연계처리 되고 있는 분뇨의 유기물부하를 저감시킬 수 있는 전처리기술로서 마이크로버블을 이용하여 OH radical에 의한 유기물 산화 및 부유물질 저감 효과를 검토하였다. 가압식 마이크로버블 발생장치를 이용하여 생분뇨를 4시간의 HRT로 3개월간 연속 실험하였다. 마이크로버블을 이용하여 분뇨를 부상처리할 경우 SS 제거율은 평균 71.0%이었으며, 부상분리에 의한 스컴 및 고형물질이 제거됨에 따라 $TCOD_{Cr}$, TBOD, 총질소, 총인의 제거율은 각각 평균 51.5%, 47.9%, 17.1%, 14.7%로 나타났다. OH radical에 의한 용존성 유기물질의 분해능을 검토한 결과, $SCOD_{Cr}$의 경우 평균 25.0% 제거되었고 SBOD의 경우 평균 17.1% 제거되었다. 용존성 질소와 인은 각각 평균 11.9% 및 7.4% 정도 제거됨으로써 수중에서 마이크로버블이 소멸되면서 발생되는 OH radical의 강력한 산화력에 의하여 용존성 유기물질들이 제거됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 분뇨처리공정 전단부에 마이크로버블 부상조를 설치할 경우 부상분리에 의한 고형물 제거는 물론 용존성 유기물질의 산화에 의하여 후속 생물학적 처리시설의 안정적 운영에 충분한 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1990

To evaluate the difference of concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants between residential and traffic area of Seoul, air samples were collected in Bulkwang (residential) and Shinchon (traffic) area. Samples were analyzed to measure the concentration of extractable organic matters (EOM) and their subfractions and mutagenicities were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured by gas-chromatography and compared between two areas. The results were as follows ; 1. While the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) in residential area was below the environmental standard in annual average, the concentration in traffic area was above the standard and was up to its maximum $256{\mu}g/m^3$ in November. The difference of TSP concentrations in both areas of each month was statistically significant (P<0.05). 2. The concentration of fine particle in traffic area was significantly higher compare to that in residential area and showed statistically significant monthly difference in both areas (P<0.05). The proportion of concentration of fine particle to TSP was 55-68%. 3. Mean concentrations of EOM in residential and traffic areas were $4.3{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;5.3{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The proportion of amount of EOM from fine particle to EOM from TSP was 70-88%. 4. While the percentage of polar neutral organic compounds (POCN) of fine particle in Bulkwang's sample was higher compare to Shinchon's sample, the percentage of aliphatic compounds of fine particle in Shinchon's sample was higher compare to Bulkwang's sample. The percentages of PAH fraction were as low as 6-10% in both areas. 5. The mutagenic activity of nit concentration of organic matters extracted from fine particle was higher compare to that of coarse particle and was increased when metabolically activated with S9. Mutagenicities with metabolic activation calculated by unit air volume were significantly different between residential and traffic area, $17\;revertants/m^3$\;and\;22\;revertants/m^3$ respectively. 6. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine particle of traffic and residential areas were $3.10ng/m^3\;and\;2.02ng/m^3$ respectively. Sixteen PAHs were higher in samples of traffic area compare to residential area and also concentrations of PAHs in fine particle were higher compare to coarse particle.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1028-1033
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• 2010

Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation needs treatment and control of pathogens to minimize risks to human health and the environment. In order to evaluate the water quality of UV-treated reclaimed water, this study focused on the relationship between micro-pathogens and particulate matters. MS2 was selected as an index organism because it has similar characteristics to human enteric virus and strong resistance to UV disinfection. The turbidity and suspended solid (SS) were selected for test parameters. In this study, it was performed with different UV doses (30 and $60mJ/cm^2$) for estimation of the MS2 inactivation rate using collimated beam batch experiments in the laboratory. The experiment results by turbidity or SS concentration presented that the increased concentration of them lowered MS2 inactivation. At the turbidity (below 4.27 NTU) and SS (below 1.47 mg/L) of the low level range, the inactivation of 60 UV dose is higher than 30 UV dose. However, at the turbidity and SS of the high level, the increasing UV dose did not show apparent increasing the MS2 inactivation. In quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), it can confirm the trend that $P_D$ and turbidity concentrations have positive correlationship at the low concentration, which was also observed in SS. The QMRA can be helpful in communication with public for safe wastewater reuse and be recommended.