• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-99
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• 1999

돼지 심장의 해부학적 구조에 대해서는 많은 연구가 보고되어 있으나 흉골 정중선 절개와 방정중선 절개 후 절개선에 나타나는 돼지 심장 대혈관들의 외과적 해부구조에 대한 보고는 아직 없고 심장적출 및 수술에 외과적 해부구조의 숙지가 필수적이므로, 체중 15kg - 25kg의 돼지 12마리를 4마리씩 3군, 즉 정중선절개군, 우측방정중선절개군, 좌측방정중선절개군으로 나누어 흉골열개 후 나타난 심장 대혈관들의 육안적 외과구조를 보고하고 심장적출술을 시도해 각 수술절개 접근법에 따른 수술의 용이성을 관찰하여 더 나은 수술접근법을 선택하는데 필요한 정보를 제공하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 우측과 좌측 방정중선절개법에 의해 흉골을 완전 열개시에는 제 1흉골과 갑상연골 부위에서 정중선으로 접근하는 초승달형 절개를 통해 internal mammary artery의 절개 위험성을 피할 수 있음을 발견하였고 흉골정중선절개에서는 상행대동맥의 정 중앙부에 aortic cannula를 쉽게 장착할 수 있었고 특히 비숙련자에게 더 적절한 수술 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 한편 숙련자가 심장적출이 아닌 동맥관개존증등과 같은 심장수술의 경우에는 방 정중선절개로써 환축의 수술 후 통증을 감소시키고 조기치유가 가능하다면, 초승달형 절개법을 응용한 방정중선 절개를 권할 수 있고 이에 따른 임상적 관찰이 요구되는 바이다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.172-193
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• 2015

Nowadays shoulder ultrasound is commonly used in the assessment of shoulder diseases and is as accurate as magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of several pathologies. Operator dependence is the main disadvantage of shoulder ultrasound. After adhering to a strict examination protocol, good knowledge of normal anatomy and pathologic processes and an awareness of common pitfalls, it can be used as a focused examination providing rapid, real-time diagnosis, and treatment by ultrasound-guided interventions in desired clinical situations. Also shoulder ultrasound can help the surgeon decide whether treatment will be surgical or nonsurgical. If arthroscopy is planned, sonographic findings help to counsel patients regarding surgical and functional outcomes. If a nonsurgical approach is indicated, ultrasound can be used to follow patients. This review article presents the examination techniques, the normal sonographic appearances and the main pathologic conditions found in shoulder ultrasound. And also addresses a simplified approach to scanning and ultrasound-guided intervention. Knowledge of optimal techniques, normal anatomy, dynamic maneuvers, and pathologic conditions is essential for optimal performance and interpretation of images.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.565-585
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• 2023

Perianal fistula is a common inflammatory condition in the general population and affects the area around the anal canal. Although most cases are benign, they cause serious morbidity and require surgical treatment due to a high risk of recurrence. MR imaging is a gold standard technique for the evaluation of perianal fistulas and provides accurate information on the anatomy of the anal canal, its relationship to the anal sphincter complex, accurate identification of secondary tracts or abscesses, and reporting associated complications. MR imaging can help monitor treatment effects and determine treatment methods. Crohn's disease-related fistulas often require medical rather than surgical treatment. The radiologist is required to know the anatomy and MR imaging findings of the perianal fistula to present an accurate diagnosis to the clinician.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

Background The trapezius muscle flap is not usually the first reconstructive option for skin and soft tissue defects in the posterior neck and scalp due to surgeons' unfamiliarity with the surgical anatomy and developments in free tissue transfer techniques. The goals of this study were to describe the clinical use of trapezius flaps in posterior neck and scalp reconstruction, and to investigate the vascular anatomy of trapezius flaps in Asians in order to obtain information facilitating the safe design and elevation of flaps in which most of the muscle is preserved. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 10 patients who underwent trapezius muscle flap for posterior neck and scalp defects. We also performed an anatomical study of 16 flaps harvested from 8 preserved Asian adult cadavers and evaluated the main landmarks relevant for trapezius muscle flap. Results In the anatomical study, the mean vertical height from the inferior angle of the scapula to the point at which the superficial cervical artery penetrated the trapezius was $4.31{\pm}2.14cm$. The mean vertical height of the trapezius muscle flap pivot point was $9.53{\pm}2.08cm$ from the external occipital protuberance. Among the 10 flaps, partial necrosis on the overlaid skin graft occurred in 1 patient and postoperative seroma occurred in another patient. Conclusions Vascular variations in the trapezius muscle flap are uncommon in Asians, but when present, such variations appear to have little impact on harvesting the flap or on its circulation. The trapezius muscle flap is a viable alternative for posterior neck and scalp reconstruction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.9
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was performed to assess the anatomy of mandibular first molars. Materials and Methods: In this in vivo study, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) volumes of 312 bilateral intact first mandibular molars from 156 patients (79 men and 77 women; average age, 35.6 ± 11.2 years) were investigated in terms of the direction of each canal's curvature in the buccolingual and mesiodistal dimensions (direction of the position of the apex in relation to the longitudinal axis of the root), the presence of an isthmus (a narrow, ribbon-shaped communication between 2 root canals) in 3 segments (0-2, 2-4, and 4-6 mm) from the apex), and the presence and number of accessory canals (smaller canals besides the main root canals, connecting the pulp to the periodontium). Data were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). Results: Mesiolingual canals were mostly buccally and distally inclined, while mesiobuccal and distolingual canals were mostly distally curved. Isthmuses were more common in younger patients (χ² test, p < 0.05). The average numbers of accessory canals in the apical, middle, and coronal segments were 9.9 ± 4.2, 6.9 ± 2.9, and 9.3 ± 3.0 canals per segment, respectively (analysis of variance, p < 0.001). Age and sex were not associated with the number of accessory canals (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The complex anatomy of these teeth deserves attention during non-surgical or surgical endodontic treatment. Around the apex, isthmuses might be more prevalent in younger and female individuals.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2024

The jugular foramen (JF) is located between the temporal and occipital bones. The JF is a primary pathway for venous outflow from the skull and passage of nerves. Variations are common in this region and may have clinical and surgical implications. To analyze the sexual dimorphism and JF morphology in skulls from Northeastern Brazil. 128 human skulls from the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, 64 male and 64 female, were selected and the JFs analyzed for bone septation and the presence of a dome. Data analysis considered P<0.05 as significant. On at least one side, complete septation was observed in 26 skulls (20.3%), incomplete septation in 93 skulls (72.6%) and 61 skulls (47.6%) did not present septation. In 114 skulls (89%), 47.6% female and 41.4% male, have a unilateral presence of the dome and 71 (55.4%) have it bilaterally. Posterolateral compartment diameters and JF area had higher values on the right side in the total sample and separated by sex (P<0.05). Most morphometric variables of the anteromedial compartment were higher in male than in female (P<0.05), fact that was not observed in the posterolateral compartment (P>0.05). This study showed a higher prevalence of complete septation in males compared to females. Morphometric analysis presented a peculiar morphology of the JF in this study. These results suggests that the surgical approach to diseases that affect the JF may be peculiar to the studied population, confirming the importance of morphological analysis of the skull base.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1963

1. Anatomical and histological study on the bovine teat have been described. 2. Two different types of suture methods were applied to the artificial leaking teats experimentally produced in laboratory and the accuracy between the two methods have been compared. 3. The instruments, anesthesia, restraint of animal and surgical technic used in the surgical correction of leaking teats in writers hand have been described. 4. Of the eleven cases of leaking teats operated in the field, seven cases healed perfectly and the rest of cases failed to heal due to the faulty postoperative care in owner's hands and or writer's surgical error.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.793-811
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• 2020

Surgical resection remains the primary choice of treatment and the only potentially curative option for gastric carcinoma, and is increasingly performed laparoscopically. Gastric resection represents a challenging procedure, with a significant morbidity and non-negligible postoperative mortality. The interpretation of imaging after gastric surgery can be challenging due to significant modifications of the normal anatomy. After the surgery, the familiarity with expected imaging appearances is crucial for diagnosis and appropriate management of potentially life-threatening complications in patients who underwent gastric surgery. We review various surgical techniques used in gastric surgery and describe fluoroscopic and cross-sectional imaging appearances of normal postoperative anatomic changes as well as early and late complications after gastric surgery.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2015

Free or pedicled vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) are useful for the reconstruction of large skeletal defects, particularly in cases of scarred or avascular beds, or in patients with combined bone and soft tissue defects. Compared to non-VFG, VEG, which contains living osteocytes and osteoblasts, maintains its own viability and serves as good osteoconductive and osteoinductive graft. Due to its many structural and biological advantages, the free fibular osteo- or osteocutaneous graft is considered the most suitable autograft for the reconstruction of long bone defects in the injured extremity. The traditional indication of VFG is the long bone and soft tissue defect, which cannot be reconstructed using a conventional operative method. Recently, the indications have been widely expanded not only for defects of midtibia, humerus, forearm, distal femur, and proximal tibia, but also for the arthrodesis of shoulder and knee joints. Because of its potential to allow further bone growth, free fibular epiphyseal transfer can be used for the hip or for distal radius defects caused by the radical resection of a tumor. The basic anatomy and surgical techniques for harvesting the VFG are well known; however, the condition of the recipient site is different in each case. Therefore, careful preoperative surgical planning should be customized in every patient. In this review, recently expanded surgical indications of VFG and surgical tips based on the author's experiences in the issues of fixation method, one or two staged reconstruction, size mismatching, overcoming the stress fracture, and arthrodesis of shoulder and knee joint using VFG are discussed with the review of literature.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.16.1-16.9
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• 2018

Objectives: Understanding the reason for an unsuccessful non-surgical endodontic treatment outcome, as well as the complex anatomy of the root canal system, is very important. This study examined the cross-sectional root canal structure of mandibular first molars confirmed to have failed non-surgical root canal treatment using digital images obtained during intentional replantation surgery, as well as the causative factors of the failed conventional endodontic treatments. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated 115 mandibular first molars. Digital photographic images of the resected surface were taken at the apical 3 mm level and examined. The discolored dentin area around the root canal was investigated by measuring the total surface area, the treated areas as determined by the endodontic filling material, and the discolored dentin area. Results: Forty 2-rooted teeth showed discolored root dentin in both the mesial and distal roots. Compared to the original filled area, significant expansion of root dentin discoloration was observed. Moreover, the mesial roots were significantly more discolored than the distal roots. Of the 115 molars, 92 had 2 roots. Among the mesial roots of the 2-rooted teeth, 95.7% of the roots had 2 canals and 79.4% had partial/complete isthmuses and/or accessory canals. Conclusions: Dentin discoloration that was not visible on periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography was frequently found in mandibular first molars that failed endodontic treatment. The complex anatomy of the mesial roots of the mandibular first molars is another reason for the failure of conventional endodontic treatment.