• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was compare the fracture strength of the IPS Empress ceramic crown according to the occlusal depth (1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm) and axial inclination ($4^{\circ},\;8^{\circ},\;12^{\circ}$) of the upper first molar. After 10 metal dies were made for each group, the IPS Empress ceramic crowns were fabricated and were cemented with resin cement. The cemented crowns mounted on the testing jig were inclined 30 degrees and a universal testing machine was used to measure the fracture strength. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The fracture strength of the ceramic crown with 2.5mm depth and $8^{\circ}$ inclination was the highest (1393N). Crowns of 1.5mm depth and $4^{\circ}$ inclination had the lowest strength (1015N) 2. There were no significant differences of the fracture strength according to occlusal depth and axial inclination. 3. Most fracture lines began at the loading area and extended through proximal surface perpendicular to the margin, irrespective of occlusal depth. 4. There was positive correlation between the fracture strength and the fracture surface area of crowns.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.320-327
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• 2002

An experimental study of heat transfer from hot flat surface to water sprays was conducted in high temperature region. Heat transfer measurements for hot flat surface were made by 4 sheathed C-A thermocouples. Droplets volume flux were also measured-independently at a position in spray field. The test conditions included variations in droplets volume flux, subcooling of cooling water of $1.565\times10^{-3} to 14.089\times10^{-3}m^3/m^2s and 80 to $20^{\circ}C$ respectively. The effects of inclination angle on heat transfer were investigated and changes in inclination angle of hot flat surface affected heat transfer coefficients of high temperature region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.43-46
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• 2000

Optical triangulation displacement sensors(0TDSs) are widely used for their simple struchlre, high resolution, and long operating range. However, there are several factors that must be taken into account in order to obtain high accuracy and reliability Measurement errors from inclinations a？ an object surface, prohe signal fluctuations generated by speckle effects. power vanation of a light source, electronic noises, and so on. Previous models of OTDSs can not show reasonable behavior as change of surface inclination and shape of light intensity distribution on the detector. In this paper, we propose a new and reasonable modeling for diffise-type OTDSs based on a geometrical optics. To verify propriety of new modeling, we take basic experiments. Shape of light intensity distribution is asymmetric in both simulation result and experimental result. Both simulation result and experimental result show same tendency of light intensity distribution movement as changing surface inclination

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2015

Slope stability is affected by duration of precipitation, probable rainfall intensity, unsaturated soil property, and soil strength. The recent analyses of slope stability tend to include unsaturated analysis based on infiltration properties of soil, while researches of unsaturated soil slope tend to include the analysis of deformation and stress distribution of soil over time. However, infiltration property of unsaturated soil slope depends not only on intensity or duration of precipitation, but also on relief and surface condition, which is not considered in status quo. This research uses hydrologic model parameters of soil in order to consider effects of inclination on filtration, and carries out analysis of unsaturated soil slope to confirm the effects according to slope inclination and surface condition. In conclusion, using slope stability analysis, the need to consider infiltration rate according to inclination and surface condition was confirmed even under the same precipitation conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05b
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• pp.337-342
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• 1996

The pool-boiling critical heat flux (CHF) of water on small flat plates has been experimentally investigated focusing on the effects of the inclination angle and size of the heated surface under near atmospheric pressure. The second-phase experiment was accomplished to find out the general CHF behavior for over-all inclination angles from -90$^{\circ}$ to 90$^{\circ}$using two plate-type test sections (30$\times$150 mm and 40$\times$150 mm) submerged in a slightly subcooled water pool. Test results generally confirm the first-phase findings and show little effect of inclination angle for inclined upward-facing cases. CHF position moves to lower position with the increase of the heater characteristic size and inclination angle(from -30$^{\circ}$to 60$^{\circ}$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2002

Hemisphere shapes were machined for different tool paths and machining conditions with ball endmill cutters. It was also found out how feedrate affect the precision of the machining and also tried to study the most suitable feedrate in specific cutting condition. Tool deflection, cutting forces and shape accuracy were measured according to the inclination position of the sculptured surface. As the decreasing of inclination position angle, the tool deflection was increased due to the decreased cutting speed when the cutting edge is approaching toward the center. Tool deflection when upward cutting IS obtained less than that of downward cutting and down-milling in upward cutting showed the least tool deflection for the sculptured surface. For down-milling, the cutting resistance of the side wall direction is larger than that of feed direction. It was found that the tool deflection is getting better as tool path is going to far from the center for convex surface.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2015

Purpose: Impaired reaching movement is commonly observed in children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inclination of seat surface can influence the reaching movement in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: The subjects were 31 children, 16 children with spastic bilateral CP and 15 typically developing (TD) children. The children performed static sitting and forward reaching under three conditions: a horizontal seat surface (Horizontal $0^{\circ}$), a seat surface inclined anterior 15 degrees (Ant $15^{\circ}$), and a seat surface inclined posterior 15 degrees (Post $15^{\circ}$). A 3-axis accelerometer ('ZSTAR3') was used for analysis of the reaching movement. A 3-axis accelerometer was attached on the manubrium of the sternum, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and styloid process of the ulna. We measured the reaction time, movement time, and data amount during reaching the 8 cm target with an index finger on the three inclined seat surfaces. Results: Reaction time and movement time for CPs showed significant delay; comparing the TD's and CP's amount was significantly greater than the TD's during reaching task (p<0.05). In particular, CP's reaction time and movement time on a seat surface inclined Ant $15^{\circ}$ was significantly more delayed compared with the other seat surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that seat-inclination intervention may provide an ergonomic approach for children with spastic cerebral palsy.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2020

Purpose: Recent studies have indicated that applying different inclination angles and suspension devices could be a useful way of performing exercises that include the co-activation of the trunk muscles. Present study was to examine the influences of changes in the inclination angle during trunk muscle activity while engaging in a bridge exercise with a suspension device. Methods: 18 healthy, physically active male volunteers completed three trunk inclination angles (15°, 30°, and 45°) for bridge exercise variations. The surface electromyography responses of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique (IO), erector spinae (ES), and rectus femoris (RF), as well as the subjective difficulty (Borg RPE score), were investigated during these bridge exercises. Results: The bridge with a 45° inclination angle suspension significantly increased the muscular activities of the RA and RF and increased the Borg RPE scores (p<0.05). The bridge with a 15° suspension significantly elevated the ES activities when compared to the other conditions. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that a higher inclination angle could not activate the overall trunk muscles during the bridge exercise. The RA and RF produced greater activation during the bridge exercise with the higher inclination angle. On the other hand, the activities of the erector spine were greater during the bridge exercise with the lower inclination angle. The present study suggests that applying a low trunk inclination angle for the supine bridge exercise is suitable for activating the erector spine muscles.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.1269-1279
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• 2023

Pool boiling experiments are performed within an isolated bubble regime at inclination angles of 0° and 45°. When a bubble grows and departs from the heating surface, the pressure, buoyancy, and surface tension force play important roles. The curvature and base diameter are required to calculate the pressure force, the bubble volume is required to calculate the buoyancy force, and the contact angle and base diameter are required to calculate the surface tension force. The contact angle, base diameter, and volume of the bubbles are evaluated using images captured via a high-speed camera. The surface tension force equation proposed by Fritz is modified with the contact angles obtained in this study. When the bubble grows, the contact angle decreases slowly. However, when the bubble departs, the contact angle rapidly increases owing to necking. At an inclination angle of 0°, the contact angle is calculated as 82.88° at departure. Additionally, the advancing and receding contact angles are calculated as 70.25° and 82.28° at departure, respectively, at an inclination angle of 45°. The dynamic behaviors of bubble growth and departure are discussed with forces by pressure, buoyancy, and surface tension.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.577-580
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the stability evaluation of soil slope according to inclination of upper natural slope. Upper natural slope breeds loss of slope by inflow in slope of surface water by rainfall and fluctuation of amount of materials in slope through method of cutting slope according to degree of inclination. Basis of standard inclination does not consider of inclination of upper natural slope and is presented uniformly. Therefore, in this study, analyzed stability of inclination of upper natural slope through limit equilibrium analysis.