• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2016

The trend of globalization and the development of the communication-Information technology have led the organization of a complex supply chains which are more vulnerable to risks. The impact of risk on the supply chain can be adverse so importance of risk management on a supply chain has increased. In order to analyze the risk factors of transport system, this study described about the definition of transport risk and investigated the relationship between likelihood index and effect index of each risk factor. We identified risk factors on transport system and measured likelihood index and effect index of each risk factor. Finally, a numerical risk index, which is a value of total transport system, has been resulted by aggregating all indices. In addition, a case study using the proposed method has done on a heavy vehicle transport context with a transport company.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

Purpose - The structure of retailing has changed as retailers develop markets in response to business environment changes. This study aims to analyze the general situation of retailers in order to predict future global strategy using case studies of overseas expansion strategy and the Metro Group's global strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - The backgrounds to the new retail business model and retailer classification are analyzed as theoretical data. In addition, the key success point of the Metro Group's "cash and carry" strategy is analyzed as is the Metro Group's global CFAR (collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment) strategy. Finally, the plan for cooperation and precise forecasting under the Metro Group's supply chain management are analyzed from the promotion environment viewpoint. Related materials analyzed included the 2012 annual report, the Metro Group's web page, and a video interview with the executive in charge of global strategy and the new market development department. Some data were revised to avoid disrupting essential aspects of the case studies. Results - The important finding was that the Metro Group could be a world-class retail company with its successful global expansion strategy. The Metro Group's global strategy's primary goal is to have a leading business position in Eastern and Western Europe. The "cash and carry" strategy is highest priority in its overseas expansion strategy. Moreover, the Metro Group has standardized product planning capacity, which could be applied in various countries with different structural and cultural backgrounds. This is the main reason that the Metro Group could rapidly become successful in the Eastern Europe and Asian markets through its structural overseas expansion strategies. In addition, the Metro Group emphasizes the importance of supply chain management. Conclusions - First, retailers should create additional value through utilizing the domestic market, market power, and economies of scale to launch a global strategy to maximize benefits from diversification. Second, the political, economic, and cultural background of the target country needs to be understood to successfully implement the overseas expansion strategy. Third, the main factor of successful cooperation with a local partner is how quickly the company gains total understanding of the business resources and core competence of its partner. All organizations should focus on the achievement of goals in order to successfully operate the partnership. Fourth, retailers should improve their business, financial and organizational structure. Moreover, the work processes and company culture should also be improved to respond strongly in the competitive global market. Fifth, the essential point of a successful retail business is the control capacity of its branding and format. The retailer could avoid forecasting errors through supply chain management by perfectly distributing the actual amount of its inventory. In addition, the risks along the supply chain are effectively shared between the supply chain partners. Finally, the central tendency of the market is to gain in strength with this taking place across all parts of the business.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.273-290
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• 2012

While the issue of RMB (Renminbi, Chinese Yuan) revaluation became the focus of world attention in 2003, the reform of the RMB exchange rate regime in 2005 didn't fundamentally solve the RMB appreciation problem, and even in 2008 the global financial crisis made RMB appreciation face new challenges and risks. It appears that the rise in RMB value is caused by supply exceeding demand in China's foreign exchange market; however, intrinsically it is due to the asymmetry in RMB exchange rate formation mechanism. The export tax rebates policy implemented by Chinese government is one of the leading causes of the asymmetry. This study constructs a transmission model between export tax rebates and foreign exchange rates, and applies the Granger Test to validate the causality between kernel variables based on correlative data from 1994-2011, and uses the error correction method to analyze the quantified relations of kernel variables, and finally gets the contribution rate of export tax rebates to RMB appreciation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.147-165
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• 2009

This study proposes a certain measure or investment strategy for decision making associated with seismic retrofitting. This strategy reduces the risk of a large-scale malfunction such as water supply loss under seismic risks. The authors developed a stochastic value index that will be used in the overall evaluation of social benefit, income gain, life cycle costs and failure compensation associated with existing lifeline systems damaged by an earthquake during the remaining service period. Optimal seismic disaster prevention investment of deteriorated lifeline systems is discussed. Finally, the present study provides a performance-based design method for seismic retrofitting strategies of existing lifelines which are carried out using the target probabilities of value loss and structural failure.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.54-61
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• 2013

NFC is a Near Field wireless Communication technology, comes to the fore as an important technology of Mobile Payment System with supply of devices and diffusion of services. Because of the fact that the NFC retail payment services, ticketing, smart cards are able to operate in one device, it(NFC Technology) can make disclosure of personal information and security risks. Thus, the problem of security in NFC technology is essential, and the need for research on security threats are increasing. In this paper, we wil analyze for NFC's vulnerabilities and security technology.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

Thermal fatigue is a significant long-term degradation mechanism in nuclear power plants. In particular, as operating plants become older and life time extension activities are initiated, operators and regulators need screening criteria to exclude risks of thermal fatigue and methods to determine significant fatigue relevance. In general, the common thermal fatigue issues are well understood and controlled by plant instrumentation at fatigue susceptible locations. However, incidents indicate that certain piping system Tee connections are susceptible to turbulent temperature mixing effects that cannot be adequately monitored by common thermocouple instrumentations. Therefore, in this study thermal fatigue evaluation of piping system Tee-connections is performed using the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis. From the thermal hydraulic analysis, the temperature distributions are determined and their results are applied to the structural model of the piping system to determine the thermal stress. Using the rain-flow method the fatigue analysis is performed to generate fatigue usage factors. The procedure for improved load thermal fatigue assessment using FSI analysis shown in this study will supply valuable information for establishing a methodology on thermal fatigue.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.53-85
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• 2020

We examine how certain occupational physical requirements affect labor transitions of disabled workers by exploiting a unique feature of South Korean Disability Insurance (DI), where award rules are based solely on an applicant's medical condition, independent of his previous occupations. We estimate the labor market response to a health shock by constructing a physical intensity measure from O^⁎NET and applying it to longitudinal South Korean household panel data. Our results suggest that health shocks initially lead to a 14 to 20 percent drop in employment and that this effect is greater for workers who previously held physically demanding occupations. Those who remain part of the labor market exhibit higher occupational mobility toward less physically demanding jobs. These findings imply that the magnitudes of income risks associated with health shocks vary depending on occupational and skill characteristics.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.402-410
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the air quality surrounding an indoor swimming pool, to estimate the cancer risk based on the airborne exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), and to examine the ventilation efficiency by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Chlorine and THMs were measured poolside, and in the staff room and reception area. The indoor swimming pool was modeled using the Airpak program, with ventilation drawings and actual survey data. Temperature, flow and mean age of the air were analyzed. Levels of chlorine poolside, and in the staff room, and reception area were $203\;{\mu}g/m^3$, $5\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and $10\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Chloroform was the dominant THM in all sampling sites and mean concentrations were $16.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.51\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and $0.06\;{\mu}g/m^3$ poolside, in the staff room and reception area, respectively. Bromodichloromethane and Dibromochloromethane levels were respectively estimated as $10.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.7\;{\mu}g/m^3$ poolside, $1.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the staff room, and were not detected in the reception area. The cancer risks from inhalation exposure to THMs were estimated between $3.37{\times}10^{-7}$ and $1.84{\times}10^{-5}$. A short circulation phenomenon was observed from the supply air vents to the exhaust air vents located in the ceiling. A high temperature layer was formed within one meter of the ceiling, and a low temperature layer was formed under this layer due to the low velocity and high temperature of the supply air, and the improper locations of the supply air vents and exhaust air vents. The stagnation was evident at the above adult pool and the mean age of the air was 22 minutes. Disinfection by-products in the indoor swimming pool were present in higher concentrations than in the outdoor air. In order to increase the removal of pollutants, adjustment was required of the supply air volume and the supply/exhaust position.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2021

In this study, we try to minimize the tariff risk by constructing a hazardous cargo screening model by applying Association Rule Mining, one of the data mining techniques. For this, the risk level between supply chains is calculated using the Apriori Algorithm, which is an association analysis algorithm, using the big data of the import declaration form of the Korea Customs Service(KCS). We perform data preprocessing and association rule mining to generate a model to be used in screening the supply chain. In the preprocessing process, we extract the attributes required for rule generation from the import declaration data after the error removing process. Then, we generate the rules by using the extracted attributes as inputs to the Apriori algorithm. The generated association rule model is loaded in the KCS screening system. When the import declaration which should be checked is received, the screening system refers to the model and returns the confidence value based on the supply chain information on the import declaration data. The result will be used to determine whether to check the import case. The 5-fold cross-validation of 16.6% precision and 33.8% recall showed that import declaration data for 2 years and 6 months were divided into learning data and test data. This is a result that is about 3.4 times higher in precision and 1.5 times higher in recall than frequency-based methods. This confirms that the proposed method is an effective way to reduce tariff risks.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.857-865
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• 2016

It has been four years after outsouring to private outsourced institute about calculating the costs on defense industry was commenced. Although the objectivity and reliablity has been improved somewhat, there were also a negative view of spending more time and money such as a costing official re-calculates the costs on the results by out-sourced institute. Therefore I want to study on countermeasure about the risks according to the importance by analysing a priority with deriving susceptible risk factors from the outsourced institute's conduct of calculating the costs in defense industry through this study. The purpose of this study contributes to the reduction of defense budget, a guarantee of the reasonable profit for defense suppliers and the improvement the effective strength of an army with a smooth supply procurement by managing the risks in advance about the conduct regarding to the outsourcing for calculating costs on defense materials in the future.