• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1443-1451
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate the gaze patterns of two expert and two novice teachers in one hour of lecture type class. Teachers recruited from the same middle school conducted the class each, wearing an eye-tracker. Gaze rate and gaze movement pattern were analyzed. The scene where teachers faced in the classroom was categorized into three zones; student zone, material zone, and non-teaching zone. Student zone was divided into nine areas of interest to see the gaze distribution within the student zone. Expert teachers showed focused gaze on student zone while novice teachers' gaze rate was significantly higher at the non-teaching zone, compared to expert teachers' one. Within student zone, expert teachers' gaze spread to the rear areas, but novice teachers' one was narrowly resided in the middle areas of the student zone. This difference in gaze caused different eye movement pattern: experts' T pattern and novices' I pattern. On the other hand, both teacher groups showed the least gaze rate onto the left and right front areas. Which change is required to teachers' gaze behavior and what must be considered in order to make effective teacher gaze in the classroom setting were discussed.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2013

This study uses a fashion shop facade design to track human gaze, find gaze frequency for gaze time for the gaze points along the path of sight, and expose the importance of facade design and figure out the value through theoretical systematization. Thus, this study employed the measurement method in physiological psychology which is sight-tracking device with eye-tracking to perform effective data evaluation. To find gaze frequency and study the contents to reflect on the facade, precedent study review, and case study of facade design to collect stimulants to be used in eye-tracking experiment were executed. And the eye-tracking experiment which traces the movement of eye[pupil] was performed. As the result of analyzing gaze frequency, The characteristics of such gaze path formation made the characteristics for gaze frequency even clearer. What was characteristic in the analysis result according to 'average value for gaze time' was that only 8 out of 2000 areas showed over 1 second of frequency and, and all other shoed less than 1 second of gaze time. This indicates that human sight endlessly jumps around, and that it 'Stay' where it has interest. This study found the average of the frequency of this 'Stay' in facade design. This study well presents the major points to add value to the design of the space of facade based on scientific measurement/analysis data obtained through visual understanding. Through such, this study is thought to be able to have a positive interaction with marketing by forming a theoretical background bringing utility to purchase environment and assisting in sales increase.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2015

Gaze induction characteristics in space vary depending on characteristics of spatial components and display. This study analyzed dominant eye-fixation characteristics of three zones of department store space. Eye-fixation characteristics depending on spatial components and positional relationship can be defined as follows. First, [**.jpg] was used as an extension in the process of storing the image photographed during image data processing for analysis in pixels and due to compressed storage of image data, the image produced with a clear boundary was stored in neutral colors. To remove this problem, the image used in operation was re-processed in black and white and stored in the [**.bmp] format with large capability, at the same time. As the result, the effort caused by unnecessary colors in the program operation process was corrected. Second, the gaze ratio to space area can be indicated as a strength of each gaze zone and when analyzing the gaze strength of the three zones, the left store was a zone with a "little strong" gaze strength of "102.8", the middle space was a zone with an "extremely weak" gaze strength of "89.6" and the right store was a zone with an "extremely strong" gaze strength of "117.2". Third, the IV section had a strong strength of gaze on the middle space and the right store and the V section showed a markedly strong strength of gaze on the left and right stores. This tendency was the same as the VI section with the strongest gaze strength and the right store had a little strong gaze strength than the left store.

• 영미문화
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2017

My aim in this paper is to provide a clear view of Victorian gender ideology and highlight the role played by Browning's dramatic monologues in the challenge against the strict patriarchal codes of the era. Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory in cinema is especially useful for understanding Browning's most well-known dramatic monologues, "Porphyria's Lover," and "My Last Duchess," because these poems are structured by polarities of looking and being looked at, the active and the passive. In her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", Mulvey introduced the second-wave feminist concept of "male gaze" as a feature of gender power asymmetry in film. To gaze implies more than to look at – it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze. She declares that in patriarchal society pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. Browning's women are subject to the male gaze, but they refuse to become the objects of a scopophilic pleasure-in-looking. Porphyria and the Duchess don't exist in order to satisfy the desires and pleasures of men. They reveal themselves as an autonomous being - reserved in Victorian gender dynamics for men. Mulvey advocates 'an alternative cinema' which can challenges the male-dominated Hollywood ideology. It is possible to say that Browning's dramatic monologues correspond to Mulvey's 'alternative cinema' because they show a counterview in terms of the representation of woman against the Victorian patriarchal ideology.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2019년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.355-356
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• 2019

• 지능정보연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.37-54
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• 2010

정보의 수집, 기록, 처리, 저장을 하며 정보를 검색하고 제시해 주는 정보 시스템은 최근, 여러 방면에서 응용되어 인간의 여러 가지 활동을 지원하고 있다. 그런데, 현재의 정보 시스템은 일반적으로, 사용자의 명시적 제시에 대하여 시스템이 반응하고 정보를 제시하는 '반작용에 의한 소극적 모델(reactive model)'을 기반으로 하고 있다. 그러나 정보사회로 발전하기 위해서는 정보 시스템 자신이 자율적으로 인간의 행동이나 의도를 이해해, 거기에 기반을 두고 인간에게 지시나 정보 제공을 자발적으로 실시한다고 하는 '쌍방향의 동적 상호작용(mutual dynamic interaction)'이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 정보시스템과 사용자의 '시선' 정보 기반의 쌍방향의 동적 상호작용을 통하여, 사용자의 '흥미' 라고 하는 심리적 상태를 추정하여, 보다 적절하고 효과적인 정보를 제공할 수 있는 주시 모방 모델 기반의 지능형 정보 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 의인 에이전트(avatar)를 이용하여 사용자의 주시 행동을 모방하는 것에 의해, 사용자와의 '공동 주의'를 실시하는 주시 모방(Gaze-Mirroring)이라는 방법을 도입하여, 시스템이 사용자의 잠재적인 흥미를 추정하고 추정된 결과에 따라 적절한 정보를 제시한다. 이와 같은 사용자의 시선정보를 이용한 주시 모방 모델 기반의 지능형 정보 시스템은 시스템의 적극적인 상호작용을 통한 새로운 상호작용 방법의 개발이 될 뿐만아니라, 사용자의 주시 정보를 통하여, 사용자의 잠재적 흥미를 표출함으로써, 사용자의 의도를 이해해, 사용자가 원하는 정보를 제시해 줄 수 있다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2016

Street is the most fundamental component of city and place to promote diverse actions of people. Pedestrians gaze at various street environments. A visual gaze means that there are interesting elements and these elements need to be preferentially improved in the street environment improvement project. Therefore, this study aims to set up the priorities of street environment components by analyzing eye movements from a pedestrian perspective. In this study, street environment components were classified into road, street facility, building(facade) and sky and as street environment images, three "Streets of Youth" situated in Gwangbok-ro, Seomyeon and Busan University of Busan were selected. The experiment targeted 30 males and females in their twenties to forties. After setting the angle of sight through a calibration test, an eye-tracking experiment regarding the three images was conducted. Lastly, the subjects were asked to fill in questionnaires. The following three conclusions were obtained from the results of the eye-tracking experiment and the survey. First, building was the top priority of street environment components and it was followed by street facility, road and sky. Second, as components to be regarded as important, fast 'Sequence', many 'Fixation Counts' and 'Visit Counts', short 'Time to First Fixation' and long 'Fixation Duration' and 'Visit Duration' were preferred. Third, after voluntary eye movements, the subjects recognized the objects with the highest gaze frequency and the lowest gaze frequency.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.963-971
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• 2016

본 논문은 윈도윙 시스템 GUI에서의 다중 창 전환 이용행위 측정을 위한 시선분석 시스템 및 방법 개발을 연구한 것이다. 기존의 시선 분류를 위한 관심 영역 지정 방식은 시간에 따라 나타났다가 사라지거나 변화하는 다이내믹 콘텐트를 지정하기에 어려움이 컸다. 그러나 본 연구는 창 단위로 이루어지는 작업 전환 행위를 측정하기 위해 개별 창의 관심영역 WOI(Window of Interest)를 실험 진행과 동시에 실시간으로 지정하여 시선을 분류하고 이에 따른 창 전환 회수 및 주시 콘텐트의 비율 등을 분석하는 연구 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 분석 시스템은 다중 창 이용이라는 멀티태스킹을 측정하고 분석할 수 있다는 점에서 기존 연구방법과는 매우 다른 접근이다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

사람의 인지 능력은 시각에 많은 것을 의존하고 있다. '시각'은 눈을 통해 빛의 자극을 받아들이는 감각을 통칭하며, '시선'은 눈동자의 중심점과 외계의 시점을 연결하는 직선 작용으로 일반적으로 주목하는 물체와 눈을 잇는 직선을 의미한다. 시선에 대한 연구는 '심리학', '인지 언어학'등 여러 학계에서 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 시선을 객관적으로 분석하기 위한 방법으로 '아이트래킹'에 대한 연구가 활성화 되어 있다. 아이트래킹에 관한 연구진행을 위한 장비가 '아이트래커'이며, 연구 분야가 웹페이지 개발 분석 등의 범위에서 매장분석, 교통신호처리 방법, 운송기기, 영상콘텐츠의 사용자 경험분석과 마케팅 분석 기법 등으로 확대됨에 따라 고정형 아이트랙커 보다는 고글형의 모바일 아이트랙커(Glasses Eye-Tracking Device)의 수요가 확대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아이트래킹의 개요와 특성을 파악하고 아이트래킹 연구의 확산을 위한 방안을 제시한다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.399-405
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 기존의 문제점인 얼굴 움직임이 있을 시 시선 식별이 어려운 점과 사용자에 따른 교정작업이 필요하다는 점을 해결하고자 새로운 시선 식별 시스템을 제안한다. Kalman필터를 사용하여 현재 머리의 위치정보를 이용하여 미래위치를 추정하였고 얼굴의 진위 여부를 판단하기 위해서 얼굴의 특징요소를 구조적 정보와 비교적 처리시간이 빠른 수평, 수직 히스토그램 분석법을 이용하여 얼굴의 요소를 검출한다. 그리고 적외선 조명기를 구성하여 밝은 동공효과를 얻어 동공을 실시간으로 검출, 추적하였고 동공-글린트 벡터를 추출한다.