• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2022

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely cultivated in China, Korea, the United States, and Japan due to its multifunctional properties. In northwest China, transplanting after 2-3 years has become the main mode of artificial cultivation of American ginseng. However, the effects of the cultivation process on the chemical properties of the soil and bacterial community remain poorly understood. Hence, in the present study, high-throughput sequencing and soil chemical analyses were applied to investigate the differences between bacterial communities and nutrition driver factors in the soil during the cultivation of American ginseng. The responses of soil nutrition in different ecological niches were also determined with the results indicating that the cultivation of American ginseng significantly increased the soluble nutrients in the soil. Moreover, the bacterial diversity fluctuated with cultivation years, and 4-year-old ginseng roots had low bacterial diversity and evenness. In the first two years of cultivation, the bacterial community was more sensitive to soil nutrition compared to the last two years. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated the bacterial community regardless of the cultivation year and ecological niche. With the increase of cultivation years, the assembly of bacterial communities changed from stochastic to deterministic processes. The high abundance of Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, and Rhizorhabdus enriched in 4-years-old ginseng roots was mainly associated with variations in the available potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and organic matter (OM).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.690-699
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• 2022

Background: Few studies reported the therapeutic effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in lung inflammatory diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory role and underlying molecular in cadmium-induced lung injury have been poorly understood, directly linked to chronic lung diseases (CLDs): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer etc. Therefore, in this study we aim to investigate the therapeutic activities of water extract of KRG (KRG-WE) in mouse cadmium-induced lung injury model. Method: The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying mechanisms of KRG-WE were evaluated in vitro under cadmium-stimulated lung epithelial cells (A549) and HEK293T cell line and in vivo in cadmium-induced lung injury mouse model using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), luciferase assay, immunoblotting, and FACS. Results: KRG-WE strongly ameliorated the symptoms of CdSO4-induced lung injury in mice according to total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and severity scores as well as cytokine levels. KRG-WE significantly suppressed the upregulation of inflammatory signaling comprising mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and their upstream enzymes. In in vitro study, KRG-WE suppressed expression of interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and IL-8 while promoting recovery in CdSO₄-treated A549 cells. Similarly, KRG-WE reduced phosphorylation of MAPK and c-Jun/c-Fos in cadmium-exposed A549 cells. Conclusion: KRG-WE was found to attenuate symptoms of cadmium-induced lung injury and reduce the expression of inflammatory genes by suppression of MAPK/AP-1-mediated pathway.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.154-156
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• 2006

Trace metals in honey have an influence on the taste of honey along with pollens. Western bee honeys, which are mostly collected from acacia, have less than 0.1% of ash. Savor of Korean native-bee honey is thought to be due to the difference of the contents of trace metals. Korean native-bee honeys collected from Jirisan District, which is the greatest producing area of native-bee honey in Korea, showed high contents of ash. Korean native-bee honeys from the districts other than Jirisan District also showed similar results($0.44{\sim}0.83%$ of ash) to those from Jirisan District. Potassium was found to be the principal factor of high content of ash with over 85% of trace metals in ash.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.244-252
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• 1998

Ginsenoside Rh, (G-Rh,) from Panax ginseng induced morphological features of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation as a biochemical marker of apoptosis confirmed by TUNEL reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) and rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells During apoptosis by G-Rh2, protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were analysed by immunoblotting. In SK-N-BE(2) cells, the levels of a, p and ${\gamma}$ subtypes were increased by undergoing apoptosis, while PKC e isoform increased early in treatment (3 h and 6 h). In addition, PKC s isoform gradually decreased during apoptosis by G-Rh2 and PKC $\theta$ isoform was detected in neither untreated- nor G-Rh1-treated SK-N-BE(2) cells (data not shown). However, no significant changes in the level of S and s isoforms were observed in C6Bu-1 cells undergoing apoptosis by G-Rh2. These results suggest that PKC subtypes may play differential roles in apoptotic signal pathways and their roles can be cell type-specific in apoptosis induced by G-Rh2.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 1988

The solvent separation step in the conventional method for quantitative analysis of ginsenosides was substituted by purification through a small reverse-phase $C_18$-column resulting in the decrease of analysis time by one fourth. New method showed high recovery of total ginsenosides but low recovery in protopanaxatriol-ginsenosides. Sugars did not affect the recovery by the amount in usual root sample. Coefficient of variation in recovery of ginsenosides was lower in the rapid minicolumn method. Optimum load of ginsenosides to minicolumn was 10 to 15 mg. The rapid minicolumn method showed highly significant correlation with the solvent separation method for dried root and red ginseng. For the rapid minicolumn method a small acryl device was used for the simultaneous extraction of 8 samples. This method appeared to be beneficial in cost and for the health of analyst.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2010

In the present study, we investigated whether a gross deletion in the nef gene ($g{\Delta}nef$) is induced by Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake. Ten patients were treated with KRG powder for 3 years in the absence of antiretroviral drug therapy. On average, $3,555{\pm}1,042\;g$ KRG was administered per person over $36.1{\pm}2.4$ months. There was a mild decrease in CD4 T cell count ($75{\pm}110/{\mu}L$) over the $36.1{\pm}2.4$ months (p = 0.059). We obtained 355 nef amplicons using 71 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples over a 3-year period. All ten patients exhibited g${\Delta}$nef (range, 3.2 to 45.9%). At baseline, 3 of 78 amplicons (3.8%) exhibited $g{\Delta}nef$, whereas 18.8% (52/277) revealed $g{\Delta}nef$ during KRG-intake (p<0.001). The proportion of $g{\Delta}nef$ was significantly correlated with monthly dose of KRG (r=0.89, p<0.001). The median time for first detection of $g{\Delta}nef$ was 13 months. In conclusion, our data show that $g{\Delta}nef$ is inducible by KRG intake and its proportion is dependent on the duration of KRG intake and dose of KRG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 1983

This study was devised to observe the nutritional effects of the diets supplemented with the leaf or trunk in rats. The male albino rats (110 heads), Sprague-Dowley strain weighing 75g to 79g, were used as the experimental aninl mils. The animals were divided into twelve diet groups and maintained with corresponding diet for 40 days, and then sacrificed. The growth rate, the consumption and efficiency ratios of the food and protein, the absorption rates of carbohydrate, lipid and protein, and the utilization rates of energy were determined during the feeding term. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate, the consumption and efficiency ratios of the food and protein in each experimental diet group added ginseng steamed leaf or trunk were higher than those in experimental group A which has the diet supplemented with ginseng raw leaf of trunk. 2) The absorption rates of the carbohydrate were above 96%, higher than those or the control group, But those of fat, protein and the utilization rate of energy in each experimental diet group were generally lower than those in the control group.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.156-157
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• 2011

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.154-155
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• 2011

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.275-275
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• 2017