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${\ll}$상한론(傷寒論)${\gg}$ 태양병(太陽病) 제강(提綱)의 침구학적(鍼灸學的) 분경(分經) 및 정증(定證)의 운용(運用) 방법론(方法論)에 관한(關) 연구(硏究) (The Study on Acupuncture Operation Method of ${\ll}$Sang Han Lun(傷寒論)${\gg}$Liu-Jing-Bian-Zheng(大經辯證) -Based on the Study of Tai-Yang-Bing(太陽病)-)

  • 백성욱;손성철;이준범;황민섭;윤종화
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 2005
  • ${\ll}$상한론(傷寒論)${\gg}$ 태양병(太陽病) 제강(提綱)의 침구학적(鍼灸學的) 분경(分經) 및 분증(分證)의 운용(運用) 방법(方法)을 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. ${\ll}$상한론(傷寒論)${\gg}$의 육경변증(六經辨證)은 ${\ll}$소문(素問) 열론(熱論)${\gg}$의 육경분증(六經分證)을 기본(基本)으로 하여 계승(繼承)하여 발전(發展) 되었다. 2. 태양병(太陽病) 제강(提綱)은 풍한(風寒), 온열(溫熱), 역병(疫病) 및 잡병(雜病)으로 인해(因) 태양경(太陽經)으로 이환(罹患)되는 증상(症狀)의 분경(分經) 정증(定證)의 강영(綱領)이 된다. 3. ${\ll}$상한론(傷寒論)${\gg}$ 주석가(注釋家)들은 태양병(太陽病)의 제강(提綱)을 인체(人體)의 피부(皮膚)를 주관(主管)하는 족태양승광경(足太陽勝胱經)의 영,(榮) 위기(衛氣)의 생리(生理) 병리적(病理的) 방면(方面)으로 해석(解釋)하였다. 4. 태양병(太陽病)의 진구(鎭灸) 치료(治療)의 혈위(穴位)는 수 (手) 족태양경(足太陽經)과 독맥(督脈)의 요혈(要穴)을 중심(中心)으로 '관기맥증(觀其脈證) 지범하역(知犯何逆) 수증취혈(隨證取穴)' 하는 변증논치(辨證論治)의 관점(觀點)으로 용침(用鍼)한다.

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고등학교 지리학습에서 GIS 교육의 현황과 전망 (The Present Status and Prospect of GIS Learning in Teaching Geography of High School)

  • 황상일;이금삼
    • 한국지역지리학회지
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.219-231
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    • 1996
  • 본 연구는 제6차 교육과정개편으로 고등학교 교과서에 새로 도입된 GIS 부분에 대하여 검정을 통과한 모든 교과서들을 대상으로 이들의 기술체계(記述體系)를 분석하고, 일선학교 교사들의 GIS에 대한 이해정도와 수업현황을 고찰하였다. 대부분의 교과서 저자들은 GIS에 대해서 대체로 그 중요성을 낮게 평가하고 있으며, 그들 사이에도 인식의 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났다. GIS 부분 기술체계는 한국지리와 세계지리에서 각각 3종만이 목표제시에서부터 단원정리 내지 총괄평가까지 일관성 있게 설명되어 있다. 이러한 경향은 공동 저자들 중 GIS 전공자가 포함된 경우, 이 부분에 비중을 상대적으로 높게 잡았으며, 그렇지 않은 경우 용어소개 정도에 그쳐 분량이나 체계에서 크게 차이가 나기 때문이다. GIS부분은 기술적(技術的) 측면이 강한 내용이어서 교사들이 스스로 연구해서 수업에 임하는 데 한계가 있음에도 불구하고, 사전연수가 불충분했고, 교사용 지침서도 제공되지 않았다. 따라서 막연히 잘 모르는 상황에서 수업에 임한 교사가 설문응답자 중 약 절반에 달하며, 비록 소수이긴 하지만 전혀 언급하지 않은 경우도 있었다. 이와 같은 경향은 정보화사회에서 지리교과의 위상에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 본다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 장차 제7차 교육과정개편에서는 보다 세심한 지침을 확립하여 개념을 쉽게 이해할 수 있게 기술체계(記述體系) 및 내용을 보완하고, 교과서간의 편차를 줄일 수 있는 방안이 강구되어야 한다. 그리고 교과서와 지리부도에 GIS 출력물들을 충분히 실어 교사들이 참고자료로 활용할 수 있도록 배려하여야 할 것이다. 각 대학에서는 GIS에 대한 대학차원의 수업모델 개발뿐만 아니라, 현직교사들의 재교육을 위한 연수과정을 준비하는 것이 바람직하다. 적어도 교과과정의 개편 이전에 충분한 기간을 통하여 일선교사들에 대한 사전연수가 실질적인 측면에서 이루어져야 할 것이다.

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조선왕조(朝鮮王朝) 왕릉(王陵) 문인석상(文人石像)의 복식형태(服飾形態)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Costume Style of Civil Servants' Stone Images Erected at Tombs of the Kings for Yi-dynasty)

  • 권용옥
    • 복식
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.87-114
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    • 1981
  • A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

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