• Food Science and Industry
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.12-23
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• 2017

Gustation, initiated by the detection of taste molecules by specific receptors expressed in taste cells, plays an essential role in food selection and consequently in overall nutrition for humans. In the past decade, a remarkable amount of knowledge of taste perception in the neurology, molecular biology, and genetics has emerged, particularly in basic tastes- sweet, bitter, sour, salt and umami. Among them, sweet, bitter and umami are recognized via the specific G-protein coupled receptors. Salt and sour are primarily mediated by apically located ion channel-type receptors. Because excessive salt or sugar consumption leads to high rates of diet-associated diseases and it comes from eating prepared or processed foods, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms in salt and sweet perception is crucial in food industry. This review will focus on recent progress of the perception of salt and sweet taste to provide basic knowledge for reducing salt and sugar consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2016

This paper investigates the possibility to increase the economic value of the thinned young apple trough fermentation process. It is studies the optimal fermentation condition of thinned young apple by manipulating preparation treatment and sugar content. To do this following steps are done. Firstly, different preparation treatment for thinned young apple such as whole apple, cutting apple, and blending apple were done. The different sugar content such as $24^{\circ}Brix$, $15^{\circ}Brix$ and $4^{\circ}Brix$ was added. Secondly, the sugar contents and pH level were measured during fermentation process. Finally, statistical analysis was used to examine the relation between the preparation treatment, sugar content and pH level during the fermentation process. The experimental result shows that the different preparation treatment influences to the fermentation process. The blending apple treatment gave lower pH level compared to other kind treatments. The sugar content of thinned young apple was decrease during the fermentation process. The statistical analysis shows that the manipulation preparation treatment and sugar content affect the final pH level and whole fermentation process. Experimental result shows that the thinned young apple fermentation could be proposed as new alternative product in the market. The best fermentation process was obtained from blending thinned young apple treatment with $24^{\circ}Brix$.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2010

Cattail (Typha L.) was used as a raw material for producing both bio-ethanol and pulp for papermaking at the same time. Pretreatments of cattail stems and leaves with acid ($H_2SO_4$) and alkali (NaOH) in three different addition levels were studied before soda pulping. The acid pretreatment gave reducing sugar of 15.2% of initial weight, but alkali pretreatment close to 1%. Soda pulping of the pretreated cattail gave 3% reduction in pulp yield and less bonding properties in paper; however, refining of the pulp from the pretreated cattail with alkali restored their fiber bondings up to that of the pulp from no-pretreated cattail at equivalent freeness.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• 제37권5호통권113호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2005

The chemical composition of the differentiating xylem of Populus deltoides M. was investigated and compared with that of sapwood. The cell wall polysaccharides were extracted sequentially from adifferentiating xylem and fractionated with gel chromatography. The sugar composition of each fraction was analyzed with G..C and H.P.L.C. The cell wall of the differentiating xylem is rich with the pectin substance and hemicellulose compared with that of sapwood. The water-extracted polysaccharides from the differentiating xylem were composed mainly of xylose and glucose residues. The sugar composition of some of the fractions in the gel filtration of purified $H_{2}O$ polysaccharide suggest that xyloglucan was extracted with $H_{2}O$ from differentiating xylem. Also, we can supposed that the purified $H_{2}O$ polysaccharide might be xyloglucan from the spectrometric data(IR and NMR) of purified $H_{2}O$ polysaccharide.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.122-131
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• 2001

Pakistan being the 6$^{th}$ largest sugar producer has over 75 sugar mills with annual production capacity of about 2.4 million tons during 1996-97. The contribution of Sindh with 27 sugar mills is recorded over 50% of the total sugar production. The majority of the mills in Pakistan use the Defecation-Remelt-Phosphitation (DRP; 24 mills), Defecation-Remelt-Carbonation (DRC; 21 mills) and Defecation-Remelt Carbonation and Sulphitation (DRCS; 11 mills) process. Seven of the 75 sugar mills in Pakistan also produce industrial alcohol from molasses, a by- product of sugar manufacturing process. These sugar industries also produce fly ash, which have been found to contain unburned carbon and reach as far as four-kilo meter area with the wind direction, threatening the community health of people living around, besides posing other aesthetic problems. The untreated wastewater, in many cases, finds its way to open surface drains causing serious threat to livestock, flora and fauna. One study showed that fly ash emitted from the chimneys contain particle size ranging from 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 1000 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. About 50 per cent of each fly ash samples were above 300 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and were mostly unburned Carbon particles, which produced 85% weight loss on burning in air atmosphere at 1000${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. This fly ash (mostly carbon) was the main cause of many health and aesthetic problems in the sugar mill vicinity. The environmental challenge for the local sugar mills is associated with liquid waste gaseous emission and solid waste. This paper discusses various waste recycling technologies and practices in sugar industries of Pakistan. The application of EM technology and Biogas technology has proved very successful in reusing the sugar industry wastewater and mud, which otherwise were going waste.

• Food Science and Industry
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.2-11
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• 2016

As recently many studies on the relationship between excessive sugar intake and chronic disease have been reported across the world, more attention to sugar intake has been paid. Sugars, called simple sugars, is a kind of carbohydrate and sum of monosaccharides and disaccharides. Sugars that are particularly related to health are added sugars or free sugars, which are added to food by processing or cooking. It is generally not to give satiety and increases energy density without other nutrients. Especially, the major food source of added sugar is sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs), from which sugars are closely linked with health outcome. The total sugar intake in Korea is 61.4 g per day and it is almost half of those in the western countries such as the U.S. or Australia and it is within the recommendation level by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. However, when it is classified by age groups or food sources, sugar intake in adolescents and young adults are high and the sugar from processed foods is also high that would lead to high intake levels of added sugar. Particularly, the frequency of SSBs, the major food source of added sugar, is the highest among 20's. While the studies of excessive sugar intake with chronic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease reported in the Western populations, those in the Korean populations have just started. Given our dietary practice is very different from those in the western population, more prospective studies would be necessary to evaluate sugar intake by type or food source exactly and examine its relationship with chronic diseases in the Korean population.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2016

In the present study, we analyzed the amino acid and free sugar contentof Flammulina velutipes. We observed that the free sugar content in Flammulina velutipes increased under higher storage temperatures. However, the the packaging material had no effect on the sugar content. Higher storage temperature increased the level Among the packaging film materials tested for the storage of Flammulina velutipes, polyphenol oxidase. ${\beta}$-glucan level of Flammulina velutipes by variation in the packaging film material or storage temperature. We suggest that the ${\beta}$-glucan content is not an acceptable to mushroom storage standards.

• Food Science and Industry
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

Recently, due to the cognition that obesity is the cause of adult diseases, interests of consumers in low-sugar and low-calorie foods are growing more and more. While various policies are being implemented to reduce sugar contents in processed foods, the reduced sweetness caused by lesser sugar content is complemented by using high-intensity sweeteners. Some of the typical high-intensity sweeteners are sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium and stevia, etc. Since the relative sweetness degree, sweetness profile, and physical properties of these sweeteners should be different from one another, it is important that all these characteristics are well-understood before applying them. Thus, the objective of this study is to introduce the properties and applications of high-intensity sweeteners in order to reduce sugar content of processed foods.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.18-27
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• 1997

This study was performed to obtained the optimal delignified condition of exploded wood on the acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid. Wood chips of pine wood(Pinus desiflora), oak wood(Quercus serrata) and birch wood (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) were treated with a high pressure steam (20-30kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 2-6 minutes). The exploded wood was delignified with sodium hydroxide and sodium chlorite, and then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid. The result can be summerized as follows ; In the exploded wood treated with sodium hydroxide, the optimal concentration of sodium hydroxide was 1% as content of lignin in the exploded wood. Lignin content of exploded wood treated with sodium chlorite was lower then that sodium hydroxide. The maximum reducing sugar yield of exploded wood treated with 1% sodium hydroxide was lower than non-treated exploded wood. In the case of sodium chlorite treated, the maximum reducing sugar yield was hgher than non-treated exploded wood. Sugar composition of acid hydrolysis solution was composed of xylose and glucose residue, and the rate of glucose residue was increased in high pressure condition.