• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2021

In this paper, I introduce a novel design method of a high performance nanophotonic beam deflector providing broadband operation, large active tunability, and signal efficiency, simultaneously. By combining thermo-optically tunable vanadium dioxide nano-ridges and a metallic mirror, reconfigurable local optical phase of reflected diffraction beams can be engineered in a desired manner over broad bandwidth. The active metagrating deflectors are systematically designed for tunable deflection of reflection beams according to the thermal phase-change of vanadium dioxide nano-ridges. Moreover, by multiplexing the phase-change supercells, a robust design of actively tunable beam splitter is also verified numerically. It is expected that the proposed intuitive and simple design method would contribute to development of next-generation optical interconnects and spatial light modulators with high performances. The author also envisions that this study would be fruitful for modern holographic displays and three-dimensional depth sensing technologies.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2019

Since Leith and Upatnieks demonstrated the first optical hologram in 1964, hologram technology has attracted a great deal of interest in a wide range of optical fields owing to its potential use in future optical applications such as holographic imaging and optical data storage. Although there have been considerable efforts to develop holographic technologies using conventional optics, critical issues still hinder future development. Recently, metasurfaces composed of artificially fabricated subwavelength structures have been considered as novel holographic devices that show an unprecedented ability to control electromagnetic waves. In this review, we outline the recent progress in metasurface holography. A general introduction to several types of metasurface holography categorized based on their physics and application is provided. Then, our personal perspective on the future of this field is discussed.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.508-513
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• 2018

We report the development of a theoretical model describing the strong field tunneling of electrons in an extremely small nanogap (having a width of a few nanometers) that is driven by terahertz-pulse irradiation, by modifying a conventional semiclassical model that is widely applied for near-infrared wavelengths. We demonstrate the effects of carrier-envelope phase difference and strength of the incident THz field on the tunneling current across the nanogap. Additionally, we show that the dc bias also contributes to the generation of tunneling current, but the nature of the contribution is completely different for different carrier-envelope phases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2015

Today, engineers are facing new set of challenges that are quite different from the conventional ones. Information technologies are rapidly commoditizing while the paths beyond the current roadmaps became uncertain as various technologies have been pushed to their limits. Along with these changes in IT ecosystems, grand challenges such as global security, health, sustainability, and energy increasingly require trans-disciplinary solutions that go beyond the traditional arenas in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). Addressing these needs is shifting engineering education and research to a new paradigm where the emphasis is placed on the consilience for holistic and system level understanding and the convergence of technology with AHSD (arts, humanities, social science, and design). At the center of this evolutionary convergence, nanotechnologies are enabling novel functionalities such as bio-compatibility, flexibility, low power, and sustainability while on a mission to meet scalability and low cost for smart electronics, u-health, sensing networks, and self-sustainable energy systems. This talk introduces the efforts of convergence based on the emerging nano technology tool sets in the newly launched School of Integrated Technology and the Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology at Yonsei International Campus. While the conventional devices have largely depended upon the inherent material properties, the newer devices are enabled by nanoscale dimensions and structures in increasingly standardized and scalable fabrication platform. Localized surface plasmon resonance in 0 dimensional nano particles and structures leads to subwavelength confinement and enhanced near-field interactions enabling novel field of metal photonics for sensing and integrated photonic applications [1,2]. Unique properties offered by 1 dimensional nanowires and 2 dimensional materials and structures can enable novel electronic, photonic, nano-bio, and biomimetic applications [3-5]. These novel functionalities offered by the emerging nanotechnologies are continuously finding pathways to be part of smart systems to improve the overall quality of life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2015

Strong interactions between electromagnetic radiation and electrons at metallic interfaces or in metallic nanostructures lead to resonant oscillations called surface plasmon resonance with fascinating properties: light confinement in subwavelength dimensions and enhancement of optical near fields, just to name a few [1,2]. By utilizing the properties enabled by geometry dependent localization of surface plasmons, metal photonics or plasmonics offers a promise of enabling novel photonic components and systems for integrated photonics or sensing applications [3-5]. The versatility of the nanoplasmonic platform is described in this talk on three folds: our findings on an enhanced ultracompact photodetector based on nanoridge plasmonics for photonic integrated circuit applications [3], a colorimetric sensing of miRNA based on a nanoplasmonic core-satellite assembly for label-free and on-chip sensing applications [4], and a controlled fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures on a flexible substrate based on a transfer printing process for ultra-sensitive and noise free flexible bio-sensing applications [5]. For integrated photonics, nanoplasmonics offers interesting opportunities providing the material and dimensional compatibility with ultra-small silicon electronics and the integrative functionality using hybrid photonic and electronic nanostructures. For sensing applications, remarkable changes in scattering colors stemming from a plasmonic coupling effect of gold nanoplasmonic particles have been utilized to demonstrate a detection of microRNAs at the femtomolar level with selectivity. As top-down or bottom-up fabrication of such nanoscale structures is limited to more conventional substrates, we have approached the controlled fabrication of highly ordered nanostructures using a transfer printing of pre-functionalized nanodisks on flexible substrates for more enabling applications of nanoplasmonics.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2017

We demonstrate that the local resonance of metamaterials can be tuned by the effects of organic thin films under photoexcitation. Tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum ($Alq_3$) layers are deposited on metamaterial/silicon hybrid structures. By varying the thickness of the $Alq_3$ layer on the subwavelength scale, the resonant peak of the metamaterial becomes very adjustable, due to the effect of a thin dielectric substrate. In addition, under photoexcitation all the spectral peaks of the resonance shift to higher frequencies. This originates from the reduction of the capacitive response generated inside the gaps of split-ring resonators. The adjustability of the electromagnetic spectrum may be useful for developing optical systems requiring refractive-index engineering and active optical devices.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.229-232
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• 2016

Metamaterials operating in the terahertz frequency range show promising potential for use in highly sensitive microbial sensors that are capable of effectively detecting microorganisms in the ambient environment. We were able to detect extremely small numbers of microorganisms by measuring the differential transmission spectra (DTS) of the metamaterial resonances. This was possible because their sizes are on the same scale as the microgaps of the terahertz metamaterials. DTS depend critically on the number of microorganisms placed in the gap area, and their dielectric constant. In addition, these metamaterial microbial sensors are reusable, because the microorganisms can be completely removed by fungicide solution. Finite-difference time-domain simulations successfully reproduce our experimental data.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.300-306
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• 2019

Transmission cross section(TCS) is described analytically as $2G{\lambda}^2/4{\pi}$ irrespective of the aperture shapes for various transmission resonant apertures, such as small ridged circular or H-shaped, U-shaped, or Jerusalem cross-shaped apertures in an infinite thin conducting plane. The proposed expression is validated by comparison with the numerical results obtained from the method of moments(MOM). The TCS characteristics of the transmission resonant cavity structure in a thick conducting plane are also studied and the equivalence between the two small aperture structures is reported from the viewpoint of transmission efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.334-334
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• 2013

In the past decade, the infrared detectors based on intersubband transition in quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention due to lower dark currents and increased lifetimes, which are in turn due a three-dimensional confinement and a reduction of scattering, respectively. In parallel, focal plane array development for infrared imaging has proceeded from the first to third generations (linear arrays, 2D arrays for staring systems, and large format with enhanced capabilities, respectively). For a step further towards the next generation of FPAs, it is envisioned that a two-dimensional metal hole array (2D-MHA) structures will improve the FPA structure by enhancing the coupling to photodetectors via local field engineering, and will enable wavelength filtering. In regard to the improved performance at certain wavelengths, it is worth pointing out the structural difference between previous 2D-MHA integrated front-illuminated single pixel devices and back-illuminated devices. Apart from the pixel linear dimension, it is a distinct difference that there is a metal cladding (composed of a number of metals for ohmic contact and the read-out integrated circuit hybridization) in the FPA between the heavily doped gallium arsenide used as the contact layer and the ROIC; on the contrary, the front-illuminated single pixel device consists of two heavily doped contact layers separated by the QD-absorber on a semi-infinite GaAs substrate. This paper is focused on analyzing the impact of a two dimensional metal hole array structure integrated to the back-illuminated quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) infrared photodetectors. The metal hole array consisting of subwavelength-circular holes penetrating gold layer (2DAu-CHA) provides the enhanced responsivity of DWELL infrared photodetector at certain wavelengths. The performance of 2D-Au-CHA is investigated by calculating the absorption of active layer in the DWELL structure using a finite integration technique. Simulation results show the enhanced electric fields (thereby increasing the absorption in the active layer) resulting from a surface plasmon, a guided mode, and Fabry-Perot resonances. Simulation method accomplished in this paper provides a generalized approach to optimize the design of any type of couplers integrated to infrared photodetectors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.279.1-279.1
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• 2014

글래스(glass), 폴리머 또는 쿼츠와 같은 투명기판은 렌즈, 디스플레이, 광검출기, 광센서, 발광다이오드 및 태양전지와 같은 광 및 광전소자 분야에서 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 소자들의 경우, 광추출 또는 광흡수 효율을 향상시키는 것이 매우 중요하다. 그러나 투명기판의 경우, 약 1.5의 굴절율로 인해 표면에서 4% 반사가 발생되는데, 이러한 광학적 손실은 소자의 성능을 저하시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서, 글래스와 공기 경계면에서 발생되는 광손실을 줄이기 위한 효율적인 무반사 코팅이 필요하다. 최근, 우수한 내구성 뿐만 아니라, 광대역 파장 및 다방향성에서 무반사 특성을 보이는 서브파장 주기를 갖는 나노구조(subwavelength structures)의 형성 및 제작 공정에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 이러한 나노구조는 경사 굴절율 분포를 가지는 유효 매질을 형성하기 때문에 투명기판 표면에서의 Fresnel 반사로 인한 광손실을 줄일 수 있다. 또한, 무반사 서브파장구조를 형성하기 위한 패터닝 방법으로, 간단/저렴하고 대면적 제작이 용이한 열적 응집 공정을 이용한 자가정렬된 금속 나노입자 형성 기술이 널리 사용되고 있다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 열적 응집현상에 의해 형성된 비주기적 금 나노입자 식각 마스크 패턴 및 유도결합 플라즈마 장비를 이용하여 글래스 기판 위에 무반사 서브파장 나노구조를 제작하였다. 금 나노패턴 및 제작된 글래스 서브파장 나노구조의 식각 프로파일은 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 관찰하였으며, UV-Vis-NIR 스펙트로미터를 사용하여 빛의 투과율을 측정하였다. 또한, 제작된 샘플들에 대해서, 표면 접촉각 측정 장비를 이용하여 표면 wettability를 조사하였다.