• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.160-174
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to develop a meso-scale grid-based continuous hydrological model and apply to assess the future watershed hydrology by climate change. The model divides the watershed into rectangular cells, and the cell profile is divided into three layered flow components: a surface layer, a subsurface unsaturated layer, and a saturated layer. Soil water balance is calculated for each grid cell of the watershed, and updated daily time step. Evapotranspiration(ET) is calculated by Penman-Monteith method and the surface and subsurface flow adopts lag coefficients for multiple days contribution and recession curve slope for stream discharge. The model was calibrated and verified using 9 years(2001-2009) dam inflow data of two watersheds(Chungju Dam and Soyanggang Dam) with 1km spatial resolution. The average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.57 and 0.71, and the average determination coefficient was 0.65 and 0.72 respectively. For the whole Han river basin, the model was applied to assess the future climate change impact on the river bsain. Five IPCC SRES A1B scenarios of CSIRO MK3, GFDL CM2_1, CONS ECHO-G, MRI CGCM2_3_2, UKMO HADGEMI) showed the results of 7.0%~27.1 increase of runoff and the increase of evapotranspiration with both integrated and distributed model outputs.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.263-276
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• 2008

In diverse hydrogeologic fields, estimation of groundwater storage change is one of the most critical issues. Accurate estimation methods for determining groundwater storage change are required more and more. For Yeonyang area of Ulsan Megacity, groundwater storage change was estimated by using water balance method and hydrogeological analyses. The estimates of groundwater storage change was 240 mm corresponding to 18.7% of mean annual precipitation. Direct runoff was calculated as 137 mm (10.6% of mean annual precipitation) by using SCS-CN method. Evapotranspiration based on the Thornthwaite method was calculated as 776 mm (60.5% of mean annual precipitation). Hydraulic properties of the soil types do not show any distinct relation with hydraulic conductivity of the rocks. This fact suggests that hydraulic property on the surface is different from that of subsurface geology. According to multi-linear regression analysis between groundwater storage change and hydraulic parameters, a regression equation of groundwater storage change, which was explained by precipitation and evapotranspiration, was established.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2015

We investigate the influence of spatial rainfall distribution on hillslope soil erosion through laboratory experiments. Two distinct spatial distributions are examined in this study, i.e., rainfall concentrated on central area versus upper area of hillslope. During the entire period of 8 hours for each experiment, direct runoff, subsurface flow, and sediment yield are measured at high temporal resolution (10 minutes). Compared to the case that rainfalll concentrated on central area, upstream concentrated rainfall results in lower peak of the sediment yield curve while greater cumulative sediment yield. Cumulative sediment yield increases over time linearly but its growth rate shows a sudden decrease at around 2 hours. This should be taken into consideration when temporal variability of sediment yield is estimated from observed total amount, and demonstrates the necessity of measuring sediment yield at high temporal resolution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.398-401
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• 2006

Two landfills of this study containing municipal wastes without any bottom liner and leachate treatment system have different landfill age, waste volume and most importantly different hydrogeologic settings. The one (Cheonan) is situated in an open flat area while the other (Wonju) is located in a valley. In the interior of the landfills, typical anaerobic conditions revealed by low DO and ${NO_3}^-$ concentrations, negative ORP values, high $NH_3$, alkalinity and $Cl^-$ concentrations were observed. Generally higher levels of contaminants were detected in the dry season while those were greatly lowered in the wet season. Significantly large decrease of Cl concentration in the wet season indicates that the dilution or mixing is one of dominant attenuation mechanisms of leachate. But detailed variation behaviors in the two landfills are largely different and they were most dependent on permeability of surface and subsurface layers. The intermediately permeable surface of 1.he landfills receives part of direct rainfall infiltration but most rainwater is lost to fast runoff. The practically impermeable surface of clayey silt (paddy field) at immediately adjacent to the Cheonan landfill boundary prevented direct rainwater infiltration and hence redox condition of the groundwaters were largely affected by that of the upper landfill and the less permeable materials beneath the paddy fields prohibited dispersion of the landfill leachate into downgradient area. In the Wonju landfill, there exist three different permeability divisions, the landfill region, the sandy open field and the paddy field. Roles of the landfill and paddy regions are very similar to those at the Cheonan. The very permeable sandy field receiving a large amount of rainwater infiltration plays a key role in controlling redox condition of the downgradient area and contaminant migration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.540-540
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• 2012

강우 발생시 유역에 집수된 물이 하천에 이르는 경로에 따른 유출은 지표유출, 지표하유출, 지하수유출로 구분된다. 정확한 수문순환 과정의 해석을 위해서는 지표 흐름뿐만 아니라 지표하 및 지하수 흐름의 해석이 중요한 실정이나 일반적으로 실무에서 사용되는 강우-유출해석 모형은 지표유출을 해석하기 위한 모형이 대부분이며, 지표하 유출과 침투량을 산정하는데 어려움이 있다. 일반적인 강우-유출해석 모형은 Horton 방법, NRCS 방법, Green-Ampt 방법에 의해 유효우량을 분리하며, 이 과정은 침투량을 직접적으로 모형화 할 수 없으므로 지표 및 지표하, 지하수 흐름을 복합적으로 해석할 수 있는 모형이 질적이나 양적으로 부족한 실정이다. 이러한 지표하 흐름과 침투량을 산정하기 위하여 FE-FLOW, PM, MS-VMS, GMS, GW-VISTAS, ARGUS 및 MODFLOW와 같은 지하수 모형을 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지표하유출 산정을 위한 침투량의 비교분석을 위해 현재 가장 범용되는 지하수 유동 모델링 프로그램인 Visual Modlfow 모형과 GMS 모형을 이용하여 침투량 산정을 위한 수치 모의를 진행하였다. 각 모형의 입력자료는 2009년 국립방재연구원에서 수행한 침투실험시설 자료를 이용하여 동일한 조건을 부여하고, 두 모형의 비교를 위해 Visual Modflow에서는 MODFLOW의 기본 해석방법인 유한차분법(FDM)을 이용하고, GMS 모형에서는 3차원 유한요소해석이 가능한 GMS-FEMWATER를 이용하였다. 두 모형의 수치모의 조건으로 2009년 국립방재연구원에서 수행한 침투실험방법과 동일하게 공극률에 따른 투수성 보도블럭의 구분과 50mm/hr, 100mm/hr, 150mm/hr, 200mm/hr의 강우강도별 선행함수조건에 따른 수치모의를 진행하였으며, 수치모의된 침투량의 적정성을 판단하기 위하여 국립방재연구원의 침투실험 결과자료와 비교분석하였다. 침투실험 자료와 각각 수치모의된 침투량을 비교분석한 결과 서로 유사한 경향을 보이고 있으나 초기 침투시 상대오차가 비교적 크게 발생하였다. 이는 수치모형의 경우 수리실험과는 다르게 모의시작과 동시에 해당 강우강도의 침투가 시작되므로 초기 유입 유출량 발생시간의 차이가 종료시간까지 누적 침투량에 미치는 것으로 판단되며, 매개변수에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.455-463
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• 2011

Conventional construction technologies have been continually applied without consideration of its impact to the environment. This resulted to various problems including the negative responses of local citizens that regarded some constructed facilities as aversive facilities causing environmental and hydraulic problems in the urban area, etc. To prevent these problems, therefore, alternative methods should be undertaken. A new approach termed "Low Impact Development (LID)" technology is currently adapted in developed countries around the world. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of the developed small constructed wetland (SCW) with horizontal subsurface flow as a LID technique applicable in urban areas. Two test-bed facilities were constructed and monitoring had been conducted between July 2010 and June 2011. Based on the findings, the removal efficiencies achieved for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb for the SCW-1 were 66, 53, 46, 55, 67 and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, the SCW-2 attained 82, 62, 51, 48, 74 and 42% efficiency for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of particulate matter and heavy metals which are considered as main pollutants from stormwater runoff in urban areas was satisfactory in the system. Therefore, the test-beds proved to be appropriate for the treatment of pollutants in urban landuses such as road, parking lot, etc. The results of this study can contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and restoration of natural water cycle in the urban areas.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 1988

The rates of infiltration contributed to the flow fo water in an unconfined aquifer under the partially penetrated stream at an ungaged station and the corresponding base flow in channel are coupled by using the hydraulic and/or hydrologic characteristics obtained from the geomorphologic and soil maps. For the determination of groundwater flow, the linearized model which is originally Boussinesq's nonlinear equation is applied in this study. Also, a stream flow routing model for base flow in channel is based on a simplification of the Saint-venant. The distributed runoff model with piecewise spatial uniformity is presented for obtaining its solution based on a finite difference technique of the kinematic wave equations. The method developed in this study was tested to the Bocheong watershed(area : $475.5km^2$) of the natural stream basin which is one of tributaries in Geum River basin in Korea. As a result, it is suggested that the rationality of hydro-graph separation according to a wide variability in hydrogeologic properties be worked out as developing the physically based subsurface model. The results of the present model are shown to be possible to simulate a base flow due to an arbitrary rate of infiltration for ungaged basins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 2001

TOPMODEL, semi-distributed hydrological model, is frequently applied to predict the amount of discharge, main flow pathways and water quality in a forested catchment, especially in a spatial dimension. TOPMODEL is a kind of conceptual model, not physical one. The main concept of TOPMODEL is constituted by the topographic index and soil transmissivity. Two components can be used for predicting the surface and subsurface contributing area. This study is conducted for the validation of applicability of TOPMODEL at small forested catchments in Korea. The experimental area is located at Gwangneung forest operated by Korea Forest Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do near Seoul metropolitan. Two study catchments in this area have been working since 1979 ; one is the natural mature deciduous forest(22.0 ha) about 80 years old and the other is the planted young coniferous forest(13.6 ha) about 22 years old. The data collected during the two events in July 1995 and June 2000 at the mature deciduous forest and the three events in July 1995 and 1999, August 2000 at the young coniferous forest were used as the observed data set, respectively. The topographic index was calculated using $10m{\times}10m$ resolution raster digital elevation map(DEM). The distribution of the topographic index ranged from 2.6 to 11.1 at the deciduous and 2.7 to 16.0 at the coniferous catchment. The result of the optimization using the forecasting efficiency as the objective function showed that the model parameter, m and the mean catchment value of surface saturated transmissivity, $lnT_0$ had a high sensitivity. The values of the optimized parameters for m and InT_0 were 0.034 and 0.038; 8.672 and 9.475 at the deciduous and 0.031, 0.032 and 0.033; 5.969, 7.129 and 7.575 at the coniferous catchment, respectively. The forecasting efficiencies resulted from the simulation using the optimized parameter were comparatively high ; 0.958 and 0.909 at the deciduous and 0.825, 0.922 and 0.961 at the coniferous catchment. The observed and simulated hyeto-hydrograph shoed that the time of lag to peak coincided well. Though the total runoff and peakflow of some events showed a discrepancy between the observed and simulated output, TOPMODEL could overall predict a hydrologic output at the estimation error less than 10 %. Therefore, TOPMODEL is useful tool for the prediction of runoff at an ungaged forested catchment in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.324-333
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• 1983

Modeling of longterm runoff is theoritically based on waterbalance analysis. Simplified equation of water balance with rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture storage could be formulated into regression model with variables of rainfall, pan evaporation and previous-month streamflow. The hydrologic response of water shed could be represented lumpedly, qualitatively and deductively by regression coefficients of water-balance regression model. Characteristics of regression modeling of water-balance were summarized as follows; 1. Regression coefficient $b_1$ represents the rate of direct runoff component of precipitation. The bigger the drainage area, the less $b_1$ value. This means that there are more losses of interception, surface detension and transmission in the downstream watershed. 2. Regression coefficient $b_2$ represents the rate of baseflow due to changes of soil moisture storage. The bigger the drainage area and the milder the watershed slope, the bigger b, value. This means that there are more storage capacity of watershed in mild downstream watershed. 3. Regression coefficient $b_3$ represents the rate of watershed evaporation. This depends on the s oil type, soil coverage and soil moisture status. The bigger the drainage area, the bigger $b_3$ value. This means that there are more watershed evaporation loss since more storage of surface and subsurface water would be in down stream watershed. 4. It was possible to explain the seasonal variation of streamflow reasonably through regress ion coefficients. 5. Percentages of beta coefficients what is a relative measure of the importance of rainfall, evaporation and soil moisture storage to month streamflow are approximately 89%, 9% and 11% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Along with the surplus rice production, introduction of upland crop cultivations into newly reclaimed tidal areas has gained public attentions in terms of farming diversification and farmers income increase. However, its impacts on the surroundings have not been well studied yet, especially associated with nutrient balance from reclaimed upland cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate water and nutrient balance during winter barley cultivation as affected different fertilization methods. METHODS AND RESULTS: TN and TP balance for three different plots treated by livestock compost, chemical fertilizer, and no application were monitored during winter green barley cultivation (2010-2011) at the NICS Kyehwa experimental field in Jeonbuk, Korea. Nutrient content in soil and pore water near soil surface appeared to increase, while sub-soil layer remained similar with no fertilization plot. Livestock compost application appeared to increase organic matter content in surface soil compared to chemical fertilization. Crop yield was the greatest with livestock compost application (10.6 t/ha) followed by chemical fertilization (6.9 t/ha) and no application (1.8 t/ha). The nitrogen uptake rate was also greater with livestock compost (52.4%) than chemical fertilizer (48.1%). Phosphorus uptake rate was much smaller (about 7.0%) compared to nitrogen. Nutrient loss by surface and subsurface runoff seemed to be minimal primarily due to small rainfall amount during the winter season. Most of the remaining nutrients, particularly phosphate seemed to be stored in soil layer. Phosphate accumulation appeared to be more phenomenal in the plot applied by livestock compost with higher phosphorus content. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that livestock compost application to tidal upland may increase barley crop production and also improve soil fertility by supplying organic content. However, excessive phosphorus supply with livestock compost seems likely to cause a phosphate accumulation problem, unless the nitrogen-based fertilization practice is adjusted.