• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOIL & GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT
• /
• pp.59-61
• /
• 2005

In Korea, hundreds of abandoned and closed coal and metallic mines are present in the steep mountain valleys due to the depression of the mining industry since the late 1980s. From these mines, enormous amounts of coal waste were dumped on the slopes, which causes sedimentation and acid mine drainage (AMD) to be discharged directly into streams causing detrimental effects on soil and water environments. A limestone slurry by-product (lime cake) is produced from the Solvay process in manufacturing soda ash. It has very fine particles, low hydraulic conductivities ($10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-9}cm/sec$), high pH, high EC due to the presence of CaO, MgO and $CaCl_2$ as major components, and traces of heavy metals. Due to these properties, it has potential to be used as a neutralizer for acid-producing materials. A field plot experiment was used to test the application of lime cake for reclaiming coal wastes. Each plot was 20 x 5 m (L x W) in size on a 56% slope. Treatments included a control (waste only), calcite ($CaCO_3$), and lime cake. The lime requirement (LR) for the coal waste to pH 7.0 was determined and treatments consisted of adding 100%, 50%, and 25% of the LR. The lime cake and calcite were also applied in either a layer between the coal waste and topsoil or mixed into the topsoil and coal waste. Each plot was hydroseeded with grasses and planted with trees. In each plot, surface runoff and subsurface water were collected. The lime cake treatments increased the pH of coal waste from 3.5 to 6, and neutralized the pH of the runoff and leachate of the coal waste from 4.3 to 6.7.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil contamination of As is a very sensitive environmental issue due to its adverse impact on human health and different characteristics with other heavy metals. With public awareness of As poisoning, there has been growing interest in developing guideline and remediation technologies for As-contaminated soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of stabilizing amendments and soil dressing methods on the mobility of As in the contaminated rice paddy soils nearby mining area. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different amendments were mixed with surface and subsurface contaminated soils at a ratio of 3% (w/w) and monitored for five months. Three different extractants including 0.01M $CaCl_2$, TCLP, and PBET were used to examine As bioavailability in the soil and the concentration of As in rice grain was also measured with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. The results showed that all amendment treatments decreased As concentration compared to the control. Especially, coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS) treatment showed the highest efficiency of decreasing As concentration in the soil and rice grain. The values of Pearson correlation (r) between As concentrations in the soil and rice grain were 0.782, 0.753, and 0.678 for $CaCl_2$, TCLP, and PBET methods, respectively. Especially, $CaCl_2$ method was highly correlated between As concentrations of the soil and soil solution (r=0.719), followed by TCLP (r=0.706), PBET (r=0.561) methods. CONCLUSION: Stabilizing amendments can effectively reduce available As concentration in the soils as well as soil solution, and thereby potentially mitigating risks of crop contamination by As.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.82-95
• /
• 1980

This paper complies the results of the studies so far made on the subsoil improvement of subsurface drainage systems for wet paddy fields (those were located in the Gum-Ho area in Kyung Buk province) which had poor permeability and a high water table. In general, a drainage problem is an excess of water on the ground surface which can effect the productivity and bearing capacity of the soil. With drain pipe systems, (According to their depths and spacing) it may be possible to correct that problem. The experimentation consisted of three test plots, two of which included drain pipe systems with varing depths and width spacing of the pipes. The third plot (C) was an ordinary plot being exempt of a drain pipe system. In detail, the depth of plot A was 80 cm, and the width spacings began at 2. Om and increased by 2. Om up to 10. 0m. The depth of plot B was 60cm and the width spacing was the same as plot A. These tests were performed to research specific details; such as crop yeild, bearing capacity of the soil, the amount of underdrainage, surface cracks, root distribution, the water table level, the consumptive water depth and the soil moisture content. The test period lasted three years, from 1977 thru 1979. The results obtained were as follows: 1. During the test period, the weather conditions for the area tested were in accordance with the annual average for that area. Furthermore the precipitation factor during the spring cultivation season, the intermediate drainage period and the harvest drainage period was of optimum conditions for controling surface cracks, because of less precipitation than evaporation. 2. The difference in the level of the ground water table in plots A and B was hardly noticable, but the difference in the test plots and the ord. plot was greatly noticable. The test plots (A, B) were 30 to 40cm lower than the ordinary plot. On the whole, the ground water table of the ord. plot always stayed at a level of 15-20cm beneath the surface of the soil, the ground water table of the test plot A showed The difference in the depth of the pipe lower than the test plot B, while the test plots showed a remarkable descending effect. 3. The soil temperature in plot A was slightly core than in plot B with a difference of 0. 47$^{\circ}$C, but plot A was 1. 6$^{\circ}$C higher than the ord. plot during the flooding period, but after drainage the temperature difference climed to 2. 0$^{\circ}$C. 4. During the 3rd test year, the values of the cracks were recorded with the values of 59cm in plot A, 42cm in plot B and 15cm in the ordinary plot. Plots A and B had increased 2.5 times the value of the first year while the ordinary plot had remained the same. 5. The root weight of the rice was measured at a value of 77.2 gr. for plot A, 73.5 gr. for plot B and 65.3 gr. for the ord. plot. Therefore, the root growths in plots A and B were much more energetic than in the ord. plot. 6. The consumptive water depth measured during the 3rd year resulted in the values of 26. 0mm per day for plot A, and 24.9 mm per day for plot B, respectively. Therefore, both plot A and plot B maintained the optimum consumptive water depths, but the ordinary plot only obtained the value of 12.3 mm per day, which clearly showed less than the optimum consumptive water depth which is 20 to 30 mm/day. 7. The soil moisture content is in direct relationship to the ground water level. During drainage, test plot A decreased in its ground water level much more rapidly than the other two plots. Therefore, plot A had a much less soil moisture content. But this decreased water level could be directly effected by the weather conditions. 8. The relationship between the bearing capacity and the soil moisture content were directly inversely proportional. It can be assumed that the occurence of soil creaks is limited by the soil moisture content. Therefore, the greater the progress of the surface creaks resulted in a greater bearing capacity. So, tast plot A with a greater amount of surface cracks than the other test plots resulted in a greater bearing capacity. But, the bearing capacity at the harvest season could be effected by the drainage during the intermediate drainage period and by the weather conditions. 9. Comparing the production of the test plots to the ord. plot; there was an increased value of 840kg for plot A, 755kg for plot B and 695kg for the ord. plot in the rough rice. Therefore, plot A had an increase of 20% over the ordinary plot. The possibility of producing double crops was investigated. The effects on barley production in the test plots showed a value of 367kg per 10 acres, which substantiated the possibility of double crops because that value showed an increased value over the average yearly yield for those uplands. 10. So as a result, it can be recommended that by including a drain pipe system with the optimum conditions of an (80cm centimeter) depth and a (l0m) spacing will have a definite positive effect on the over all production capacity and quality of wetpaddy fields.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.371-377
• /
• 1997

This paper presents the geophysical applications to the environmenml problem in an abandoned mine area. We would like to focus our attention on the mapping of the soil contamination and the detection of the buried mine tailings. For mapping the soil contamination. measurements of both in-situ magnetic susceptibility (k) and terrain conductivity were carried out. In-situ magnetic susceptibilities of the contaminated soil due to the acid mine drainage show higher values than those of the uncontaminated area. However. those data do not show the correlation with the degree of the soil contamination observed on the surface. The least-squares fitted formula obtained with the measured insitu magnetic susceptibilities is $k=4.8207{\times}W^{0.6332}$, where W is the $Fe^{+2}$ weight percentage. This weight gives most effect to magnetic susceptibility of the soil. Lateral variations of the soil contamination in the shallow subsurface can be detected by the electrical conductivity distributions from EM induction survey. TDIP (Time Domain Induced Polarization) and EM induction surveys were conducted to detect the buried mine tailings. From the results of TDIP, the spatial zone, which shows high chargeability-low resistivity, is interpreted as the buried mine tailings. Therefore, it is concluded that it is possible to discriminate the spatial zone from the uncontaminated ground.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of waterlogging duration on the growth characteristics and productivity of forage corn at different growth stages under paddy field conditions. Treatments consisted of waterlogging at two growth stages (V7 or V14) for four waterlogging durations (no waterlogging, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours, respectively). The V14 growth stage was more vulnerable to waterlogging than the V7 stage. Among the waterlogging durations, the lodging score increased at 48 hours. The stem height of forage corn decreased with the increase in waterlogging duration at the different growth stages (V7 and V14). Increase in waterlogging duration reduced the stem dry matter yield, ear dry matter yield, and total dry matter yield at both growing stages (V7 and V14). The waterlogging treatments at the V14 stage affected ear dry matter yield more than those at the V7 growing stage. Thus, the management of forage corn under paddy field conditions must be strengthened during early (V7) and grain fill stages (V14). When waterlogging occurs, surface and subsurface drainage should be implemented within 48 hours to control (no waterlogging) the groundwater level and, thus, minimize economic losses due to forage corn damage.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2003

광양 폐광산의 갱구와 폐광석 적치장에서 발생되는 산성광산배수에 의한 침출수의 특성, 유동경로, 투기채널 및 매립된 폐광석의 탐지를 위해 복합 지구물리탐사(전기비저항, 자연전위, 지하투과레이다, 탄성파굴절법)를 수행하여 상관 해석하였다. 폐광산에서 유출되는 침출수는 강우에 의한 영향으로 우기에 많이 유출되며 산성광산배수의 지표용출 지점에서 측정된 침출수의 전기전도도는 0.977-1.110 mS/cm이다. 전기비저항탐사 결과 침출수는 두 개의 유동경로로 흐르다가 좁아지는 합류지점에서 일부는 그대로 통과하고 일부는 지표용출의 형태로 나타나 지표 및 지하 수계 및 토양을 오염시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 침출수의 유동경로는 자연전위탐사 결과 음의 최소값, 지하투과레이다탐사 결과 낮은 투과심도와 탄성파굴절법탐사 격과 저속도대의 분포 특성과 일치한다. 전기비저항탐사 결과에서 나타나는 천부 고비저항대는 레이다파의 회절현상과 상관되어 매립된 폐광석의 영향으로 추정된다. 약 1-1.25 m 깊이에서 일관성 있게 나타나는 지하투과레이다 반사 영상은 산성광산배수의 배출 통로인 매설 파이프에 의한 것으로 해석된다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.611-631
• /
• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.191-205
• /
• 1997

백제 시대의 대표적인 문화재들이 다수 출토된 무령왕릉을 포함한 송산리 고분군에 대한 고분벽체의 거동을 장기적으로 계측하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 송산리 고분군의 안정성을 판단하여 보존대착을 수립하기위한 목적으로 이루어졌으며, 각 고분의 중요지점에 총 11개의 2축 경사변화측정센서를 설치하고 매 20분마다 자동계측하여 약 15개월 동안 (1996년 7월 14일~1997년 9월 30일) 관측을 실시하였다. 무령왕릉의 벽체거동은 연도입구의 호벽이 최대거동을 보여 직각변위(N-S Tilt) 성분이 2.3mm/m/yr로 남쪽방향인 전실쪽으로 거동하고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 무령왕릉 현실 서측벽의 남쪽 등 상감 상부의 벽돌이 1971년 발굴 이후 남쪽으로 기울어진 병형을 보이며 고분구조가 남쪽 방향으로 거동함을 증명하고 있다. 현실 동측벽의 거동 또한 1.523mm/m/yr로 현실 내부로의 거동이 심한편이다. 더구나 우기에는 그 변위가 약 2배에 달하는 것으로 판단되어 고분군 주위의 지반이 침투수에 노출되는 우기에는 고분의 구조안전에 심각한 문제가 있는 것으로 판단된다. 5호분은 전체적으로 벽체의 전후방향 거동이 벽체의 전단방향 변위보다 크게 나타난다. 또한 틸트의 급격한 불연속은 없고 일정한 방향으로 계속적인 미약한 변동을 보이고 있다. 6호분 역시 건기의 최대 거동 수치가 8.8mm/m/yr로써 다른 고분의 우기시의 거동수치를 훨씬 초과한다. 고분벽체의 대.소의 변형 사건은 강수 및 온도변화와 밀접한 관련성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 온도변화에 의한 벽체거동의 영향은 고분내의 온도가 급격히 상승할 때는 온도가 일정하게 유지될 때보다 거동 비율이 훨씬 크다. 상승했던 온도가 다시 하강되면 벽체는 온도가 상승하기 전의 상태로는 돌아가지 않고 잔여변형을 발생시켜 영구변형으로 남게 되는 이력현상을 보이고 있다. 또한, 무령왕릉 주변의 지하수위 관측 결과 현재 고분축조부지의 배수체계가 원지반보다 불량함을 의미하여, 불량한 배수체계는 고분의 구조안전에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 이와같이 고분군에 발생한 모든 변위들은 발굴 후 인위적인 환경변화와 지속적인 강우침투의 영향과 배수불랴으로 인한 주변지반 및 내벽의 물성치의 저하로 인하여 고분의 내벽에 상당량의 변위가 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 무령왕릉 벽체거동 특성 분석 결과 무엇보다 강우침투 및 지아수유입을 막는 차수대책이 시급하며, 고분내에 있는 제습기에 의한 상승효과흐 제거하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 1999

Soil filters are commonly used to protect the soil structures from eroding and piping. When filters are clogged by fine particles which are progressively accumulated, these may lead to buildup of excessive pore pressures also leading to instability in subsurface infrastructure. A filter in the backfill of a retaining wall, a filter adjacent to the lining of a tunnel, or a filter in the bottom of an earth dam can be clogged by transported fine particles. This causes reduction in the permeability, which in turn may lead to intolerable decreases in their drainage capacity. In this thesis, the extent of this reduction is addressed using results from both experimental and theoretical investigations. In the experimental phase, the permeability reduction of a filter is monitored when an influent of constant concentration flows into the filter (uncoupled test), and when the water flow through the soil-filter system to simulate an in-situ condition (coupled test), respectively. The results of coupled and uncoupled test are compared with among others. In the theoretical phase of the investigation, a representative elemental volume of the soil filter was modeled as an ensemble of capillary tubes and the permeability reduction due to physical clogging was simulated using basic principles of flow in cylindrical tubes. In general, it was found that the permeability was reduced by at least one order of magnitude, and that the results from the uncoupled test and theoretical investigations were in good agreement. It is observed that the amount of deposited particles of the coupled test matches fairly well with that of the uncoupled test, which indicates that the prediction of permeability reduction is possible by preforming the uncoupled test instead of the coupled test, and/or by utilizing the theoretical model.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.37-47
• /
• 1982

본 연구는 확정론적 모의기법 중 영국도로시험연구소에서 개발한 R.R.L법을 포장 지역이 넓은 인천에 위치한 간석동 아파트에 적용하여 그 실용성을 검토하였다. 인천지방의 전체적이고 합리적인 결과를 얻기 위하여 과거 28년간 누가우량 곡선에서 얻은 10mm 이상 되는 강우 450개를 5분 간격으로 읽어 확률빈도통계인 HUFF의 사분위법을 이용 확률빈도백분율곡선을 얻어 R.R.L법에 적용하였다. 인천지방의 확률빈도백분률 곡선은 제2 구간이 전체의 43.2%를 나타내므로 설계우량의 우량주상도는 제을구간에서 추출함이 바람직하다.