• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.35
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• pp.31-50
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• 1998

The purpose of this study to provide implications for improvement of Korean voluntary sector, by analyzing of program managers' subjective evaluation of voluntary program management and of their view of the needs for outside supports. For this, researchers selected 600 agencies, which are found to have a staff in charge of voluntary programs, and sent a questionnaire by mail. Those agencies are consisted of the following three. areas: social services, civil movement, public sector. The response rate was 65%, and researchers analyzed 382 respondents out of 391, besides those who did not complete the form in full. One of the results was that program managers' subjective evaluation score of overall voluntary program management was 51 points in the perfect score of 100 points. The voluntary program management was consisted of the following six areas: recruiting, job placement, public relations, education(training), program development, and. information system Specifically, program development and information system appeared to be worse than the other areas, and this fact was true in all three types of agencies of social services, civil movements, and public sector. Moreover, program managers in public sector showed that outside supports for voluntary programs (or activities) was more desperately required. Based on the results, researchers concluded that, toward the improvement of voluntary programs, professionalization as well as legal supporting system, networking, and national supporting institution were required.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.371-379
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to develop basic data in improving quality of life along with the enhancement in oral health, by arranging a plan for being able to reduce dental fear given the dental treatment in the future by grasping the subjective oral health recognition & status, and the dental fear level of the dental treatment field targeting patients of visiting dental clinics in Busan and Gyeongnam area. In the whole items of DFS, a sense of fear was higher in women than men. A factor of avoiding dental treatment stood at 1.72 points in men and 2.10 points(p<0.001) in women. A factor of response to stimulation stood at 2.75 points in men and 3.20 points(p=0.001) in women. A fear level according to dental kind was high in a factor of avoiding implant treatment(p=0.015), a factor of avoiding orthodontic treatment(p=0.002), physiological reaction(p=0.009), a factor of avoiding prosthesis treatment(p=0.014), a factor of avoiding pulpectomy treatment(p=0.005), a factor of physiological reaction(p=0.017), a factor of avoiding periodontal therapy(p=0.013), a factor of physiological reaction(p=0.004), and a factor of avoiding treatment given not receiving regular checkup(p=0.027). In the above results, to reduce dental fear, there will be a need of developing diverse programs and oral health eduction for regular checkup and preventive treatment.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.425-430
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• 2010

According to the result of examining the recognition on subjective oral health knowledge and elderly oral health management with a self-administered questionnaire survey conducted to 233 workers of elderly care facilities located in Gyeonggi-do, it was shown that their general oral health knowledge level was high while their elderly oral health knowledge was lower than general oral health knowledge. And it was found that respondents answering they had keen interest in the level of oral health knowledge according to the interest in elderly oral health showed a higher level of oral health knowledge than those answering they had no interest in it, which indicated statistically significant difference (p<.001). Regarding the study subjects' elderly oral health management and educational demand, quite a high percentage of 83,7% responded the education is needed. A response that it is appropriate for dental hygienists to give elderly oral health management and the education showed 57.9%, which was the most. Also, it was shown that in the level of oral health knowledge according to the recognition of elderly oral health managers and educators, subjects recognizing that it is needed to be dental hygienists indicated a high level of oral health knowledge, which showed statically significant difference (p<.05).

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.107-116
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the effect of multisensory stimulation on relieving the stress experienced by drivers. The photoplethysmograms (PPGs) of 30 healthy subjects were measured, and their subjective response to stressful situations and normal driving were evaluated. The subjects underwent nonstimulation and multisensory stimulation in stressful driving situations. Heart rate estimation from the PPG was collected via an ear-type sensor to reduce movement noise. The signals acquired were sampled at 200 Hz using BIOPAC PPG100C. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed to compare the effect of multisensory stimulation on stress situations. In the multisensory stimulation, blue, green, and yellow were used for the visual sensory system; white, pink, and brown noises were used for the auditory sensory system; and lavender, lemon, and rosemary were used for the olfactory sensory system. No difference was observed in the subjective evaluation; however, the HRV results showed an increased HF (%) and decreased LF (%) and LF/HF (%) in the multisensory stimulation (e.g., green, pink noise, and rosemary) when compared to the nonstimulation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.248-252
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• 2022

The environment refers to what is surrounded by something during human life. This environment is related to the way humans live, and presents various problems on how to perceive the surrounding environment and how the behaviors that constitute the environment support the elements necessary for human life. Humans have an interest in the supportability of the environment as the interrelationship increases as humans perceive and understand the environment and accept the factors supported by the environment. In space, human movement starts from one space to the next and exchanges stimuli and reactions with the environment until reaching a target point. These human movements start with subjective judgment and during gait movement, the spatial environment surrounding humans becomes a collection of information necessary for humans and gives stimulation. will do. In this process, in particular, humans move along the movement path through movement in space and go through displacement perception and psychological changes, and recognize a series of spatial continuity. An image of thinking is formed[1]. In this process, spatial experience is perceived through the process of filtering by the senses in the real space, and the result of cognition is added through the process of subjective change accompanied by memory and knowledge, resulting in human movement. As such, the spatial search behavior begins with a series of perceptual and cognitive behaviors that arise in the process of human beings trying to read meaning from objects in the environment. Here, cognition includes the psychological process of sorting out and judging what the information is in the process of reading the meaning of the external environment, conditions, and material composition, and perception is the process of accepting information as the first step. It can be said to be the cognitive ability to read the meaning of the environment given to humans. Therefore, if we can grasp the perception of space while moving and human behavior as a response to perception, it will be possible to predict how to grasp it from a human point of view in a space that does not exist. Modern people have the theme of reminiscing dog-friendly hotels for the healing of petloss syndrome, and this thesis attempts to approach the life of companions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 1983

A possibility whether the appearance of adaptation to cold climate during winter could occur or not in Taegu area was evaluated by comparing the data obtained in winter with that obtained by the same method in summer. Circulatory response was induced by the immersion of one hand in the cold water. The systemic and local responses in the blood circulation from the immersed hand and the unimmersed opposite hand were observed simultaneously. In addition Galvanic skin resistance(GSR) that is influenced by the activity of autonomic nervous system and the vascular tonicity was recorded. The experiment was performed by examining sixty healthy college students in winter and fifty in summer, whose mean age was 21.0, mean weight $60.6{\pm}0.90\;kg(male)$ and $48.3{\pm}0.98\;kg(female)$. The cold stimulus was applied by immersing the left hand into the cold water of $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 minutes, and the response was observed on immersed left hand and unimmersed right hand simultaneously. The observation was made through determining mean blood pressure, heart rate, amplitude of photoelectric capillary pulse (APCP) and GSR. The results obtained are as follows: The mean blood pressure was elevated during the cold stimulation. The increase of blood pressure in summer was more remarkable than in winter. At the recovery period the blood pressure was decreased to the control level in winter but the decrease below the control level was observed in summer. The increase of heart rate in summer was more remarkable than in winter during the cold stimulation. At the recovery period heart rate in both winter and summer was decreased below the control level. During the cold stimulation the APCP was decreased on both hands in winter. However it was more prominent on left hand indicating additional direct cold effect on immersed hand. In summer, the decrease of APCP during immersion was less remarkable than that in winter, but the regain of APCP was faster than that in winter at the recovery period. And the prompt increase of APCP over the control level has been obtained at the 3 minutes of the recovery period. The GSR was remarkably increased on immersed hand but slightly decreased on unimmersed opposite hand during the cold stimulation. Thus the finding on immersed hand indicates that the local direct effect of cold water is more prominent than the systemic effect, where as the finding on unimmersed hand indicates that the circulatory response to painful stress elicited by the cold stimulation is more prominent than cold temperature itself. In summary, it seems that the systemic circulatory response to the local cold stimulation of the one hand is arised more from the secondary elicited pain sensation and less from the low water temperature. On the contrary to the report of Kim et $al^{39)}$, the adaptation phenomena in blood pressure to the relatively mild cold climate in winter was not observed in this study. The difference of circulatory response observed in this study between winter and summer may be due to the difference of the magnitude of subjective sensation of the cold water stimulation by the seasonal changes in air temperature.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1997

Objectives: The psychophysiologic response pattern between healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder, and the relationship among anxiety rating scales and those patterns in patients were examined. Methods: Twenty-three patients with generalized anxiety disorder(AD) and 23 healthy subjects were evaluated by Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety(HRSA) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before baseline stressful tasks. Subjective Units of Distress were evaluated just before baseline period, immediately after stressful tasks, at the end of the entire procedure, and psychophysiologic measures, i.e., skin temperature(ST), electromyographic activity(EMG), heart rate(HR), electrodermal response(EDR) during baseline & rest and during two psychologically stressful tasks (mental arithmetic, TM; talk about a stressful event, TT) were also evaluated. Results: 1) AD group showed significantly higher EMG level during rest after stressful tasks and higher HR level during all period except TM compared to control group. 2) AD group showed lower change in the startle response(SR) of ST, in the SR & the recovery response(RR) of EMG during TM, and in the RR of EDR immediately after TM than control group. AD group showed that the RR of EDR was significantly lower than the SR during stressful tasks. 3) We found that there was significantly negative correlation between state anxiety and the RR of EDR after TT in AD group. We also found that there were significantly positive correlations between HRSA score and the SRs of EDR during stressful tasks, and between state anxiety and the SR of EDR during TT. Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients with generalized anxiety disorder show higher autonomic arousal than healthy subjects and decreased physiologic flexibility or reduced autonomic flexibility.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.251-267
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• 1993

The relationship between lead related subject symptoms and lead exposure indices was studied in 435 male lead workers in thirteen lead using industries. 212 male office workers who were not exposed to lead occupationally were also studied as a control group. Fourteen lead related symptoms were selected. They were further subdivied into 4 sub-symptom groups such as 1) gastrointestinal, 2) neuromuscular and joint 3) constitutional, and 4) psychological symptoms. Symptom questionnaires were provided to the workers and filled up by themselves and reconfirmed by interviewer(doctor). The test used fer the evaluation of lead exposure were blood lead(PbB), zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP), hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit (Hct), delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine(DALA). The results obtained were as follows; 1. The higher prevalence rate in the sub-group of neuromuscular and joint symptoms was observed in occupationally lead exposed subjects than non-exposed subjects. Among the sub-groups, the most frequent symptom was 'numbness of finger, hands or feet', and the prevalence of the symptom of 'arthralgia', 'weakness of fingers, hands or feet' and 'myalgia' were higher in order. 2. While the symptom which showed the biggest difference of prevalence rate among the 14 symptoms between exposed and non-exposed subjects was 'numbness of fingers, hands or feet', the symptom which showed the highest prevalence rate was 'feeling tired generally' in exposed and non-exposed subjects, but no statistical difference of symptom prevalence were observed. 3. In total study population, PbB and ZPP had dose-response relationship with 4 symtoms of neuromuscular and joint symptoms ('numbness of finger, hands or feet', 'arthralgia', 'weakness of fingers, hands or feet' and 'myalgia') and one symptom of gastrointestinal group('intermittent pains in lower abdomen'). 4. In lead exposed workers, only neuromuscular and joint symptoms group showed dose-response relationship with PbB and ZPP, 5. In lead exposed workers, the prevalance rate of overall symptoms of lead workers with age below 39 years was higher than that of lead workers with age above 40. While neuromuscular and joint symptoms group had a dose-response relationship with PbB in former group, it had a dose-response relationship with ZPP in latter group. 6. Age adjusted odds ratios of symptoms of non-exposed with exposed and odds ratios of low exposed with high exposed workers showed the dose-response relationship of lead exposure with neuromuscular and joint symptoms group('numbness of fingers, hands or feet', 'arthralgia', 'weakness of fingers, hands or feet' and 'myalgia') and gastrointestinal symptoms group('intermittent pains in lower abdoman').

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the stress response and sleep state of the new patients who visit the hospital for prosthodontic treatment due to tooth loss to make reference to further treatment direction. Materials and methods: Examinations, consultations, and surveys were conducted on 236 patients (94 males, 142 females, and 24-86 years old), who newly registered at the department of prosthodontics at Pusan national university hospital, for 2 years from 2018. The number of remaining teeth, edentulous arch, possibility of mastication, and future prosthetic treatment directions were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS), stress response inventory (SRI) and Insomnia severity index (ISI) were used as tools to measure patient's subjective discomfort, stress response, and sleep status. Results: Among the entire prosthodontic patient group, the average value of 'fatigue' was significantly higher among the 7 items of SRI, and the value of 'aggression' was significantly lower (P<.001). There are a significant difference between the edentulous and full dentition in the oral discomfort value measured by VAS (P=.004). In cases where less than 20 teeth remain, mastication is impossible, and patients who are planning treatment with removable prostheses, VAS value and 'depression' and 'fatigue' values in SRI were higher than those in the reverse case (P<.05). The patients showed severe level in VAS value have high value of 'tension', 'somatization', 'depression', 'fatigue'and 'frustration'in SRI than non-serious patients (P<.05). Clinical insomnia occurred in 11.4% of all patients, and women had significantly lower sleep quality than men (P=.044). Patients with insomnia showed significantly higher scores on the VAS value and all 7 SRI items than those of normal sleepers (P<.05). Conclusion: The new prosthetics had high 'fatigue' value among the 7 items of SRI. The oral condition, number of residual teeth and mastication function and clinical insomnia affected oral discomfort and the stress response.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.393-399
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• 1994

Spinal cord compression, an oncologic emergency, is a rare complication of hematologic malignancy Our experience was obtained with a series 32 Patients following retrospective analysis for assessing the role of radiation therapy and identifying the prognostic factors affecting on treatment outcome. Diagnosis was usually made by means of radiologic study such as myelography or computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurologic examination. Five cases were diagnosed by subjective symptom only with high index of suspicion. In 31 cases, the treatment consisted in radiation therapy alone and the remained one patient had laminectomy before radiation therapy because of diagnostic doubts. Total treatment doses ranged from 800 cGy to 4000 cGy with median of 2000 cGy. Initially large fraction size more than 250 cGy were used in 13 patients with rapidly progressed neurologic deficit. The clinical parameters considered in evaluating the response to treatment were backache, motor-sensory performance and sphincter function. Half of all patients showed good response. Partial response and no response were noted in $37.5\%$ and $12.5\%$, respectively. Our results showed higher response rate than those of other solid tumor series. The degree of neurologic deficit at that time of diagnosis was the most important predictor of treatment outcome. The elapsed time from development of symptoms to start of treatment was significantly affected on the outcome. But histology of primary tumor total dose and use of initial large fraction size were not significantly affect on the outcome. These results confirmed the value of early diagnosis and treatment especially in radiosensitive hematologic malignancy.