• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.221-245
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• 2008

The precambrian granitic gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss are widely distributed in the Gwangyang-Hadong area of Korea. This study focuses on the geochemical properties and metamorphic P-T conditions of these gneisses. These gneisses are plotted according to granodiorite domain on an IUGS silica-alkali diagram. Geochemical properties of major elements suggest that these rocks are of the sub-alkalic rock series, and were farmed from S-type magmas which were generated in a syn-collision tectonic environment. The amounts of trace elements (Zn, Sc, Sr, V, etc.) decreased as $SiO_2$ concentrations increased. Almandine and spessartine mol%'s and XFe are higher in garnet rims, while pyrope mol%'s are higher in the garnet cores. This seems to be the result of garnet growth and retrogressive metamorphism. Metamorphic zones are divided into sillimanite-cordierite, sillimanite, garnet, and biotite zones. Metamorphic P-T conditions estimated from the gneisses indicate high temperature and low to medium pressure metamorphism (689-757$^{\circ}C$, 5.0-5.6 kbar), followed by medium temperature, low pressure retrorade metamorphism (579-628$^{\circ}C$, 3.1-4.5 kbar), and overprinted retrogade metamorphism (502-558$^{\circ}C$, 1.6-2.3 kbar).

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.1785-1792
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• 2013

For patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, both of the possibility of having complications with the respiratory system and the related fatal rate are still high, while pneumonia is the most important cause of these fatalities. This research was carried out to find out what effects does a breathing exercise have on the respiratory functions and the improvement in the quality of life. The study was carried out for male patients suffering cervical spinal cord injuries for the purpose of inspiratory muscle strengthening. The objects of the study were 17 non-smoking-at-present male patients with C4 to C6 cervical spinal cord injuries. They had practiced inspiratory muscle strengthening training for three times a week for six weeks. The quality of life and the dyspnea (breathing difficulty) were self-measured before and after the training. As a result, the change in respiratory function was only significantly reduced (p<0.01) within the chronic group. In terms of the changes in the quality of life, the sub-acute group has only seen a significant improvement (p<0.05) for the VT(vitality), while the chronic group has seen significant improvements(p<0.05, p<0.01) in: GH(general health); BP(back pain); and VT(vitality). In this research, the inspiratory muscle strengthening has reduced the dyspnea (breathing difficulties) and improved the quality of life.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2014

Purpose: We aimed to investigate trunk angle and muscle activation of the extremity and back to evaluate the effect of chest compression on work-related musculoskeletal disorders in 119 emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Methods: Eighteen 119 EMTs performed 2-minute chest compression without interruption on a cardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin, during which we measured changes in the trunk and shoulder joint angles, muscle activation (triceps brachii, biceps brachii, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris) and chest compression accuracy. Results: The decrease in trunk angle by trunk muscle activation was the highest in event 2, the major direction of chest compression. Both shoulder joint angles had no significant difference. Muscle activation of the triceps brachii (p < .01), biceps brachii (p < .05), rectus abdominis (p < .05) and rectus femoris (p < .01) significantly increased during the compression phase compared with the decompression phase, with the rectus femoris showing an increase of 19%. Muscle activation of the erector spinae significantly increased in the decompression phase compared with the compression phase (p < .01). Conclusion: 119 EMTs mainly use the triceps brachii, biceps brachii and pectoralis major muscles during chest compression.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2015

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from agricultural lands is recognized as one of important factors of global warming. The objective of this short communication was to evaluate the applicability of different soil GHG emission prediction models on agricultural systems in Korea. Four models, namely, DNDC, DAYCENT, EXPERT-N and COUP, were selected and the basic structure (e.g., components and sub-model), input variables, and output variables were compared. In particular, the availability and compilation of essential input variables were assessed. Major input variables needed for operating these predictive models were found to be available through database systems established by national organizations such as the Korea Meteorological Administration, the Korean Soil Information System, and the Rural Development Administration. However, in order to apply these models in Korea, it was necessary to calibrate and validate each of the models for the domestic landscape settings and climate conditions. In addition, field data of long-term monitoring of GHG emission from agricultural lands are limited and therefore should be measured.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.276-287
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• 2008

Diabetic mellitus in an older population is associated with increased basal oxidative stress and free radical accentuated by hyperglycemic challenge. Enhanced free radical in diabetic elderly can cause the oxidative damage and such damage can be protected by antioxidant defense system. It is believed that vitamin C, A and E are the most abundant and effective antioxidants in human plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant status in Korean diabetic elderly using the case-control study. The antioxidant status was examined by determining plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, A, E, ${\beta}$-carotene), total antioxidant status (TAS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and intakes of vitamin C, A, ${\beta}$-carotene and retiol. Fasting glucose and HbA1c levels and serum lipid profiles (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were also determined. Diabetic subjects were 122 elderly persons over 60 years old, visiting public health center, and control subjects were 96 healthy elderly persons living in Ulsan, Korea and they were matched by age, gender, smoking and drinking status. The diabetic and control subjects were divided into sub-groups according to the status of using diet therapy and vitamin supplement. The subjects were interviewed to collect data on their general characteristics, disease history, vitamin supplement, diet therapy and health-related habits by questionnaires. Their dietary intakes were obtained by means of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (SQFFQ). Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in diabetes than in control subjects, and plasma total cholesterol level of diabetes was not significantly different from that of control subjects. However serum HDL cholesterol level of diabetes was significantly lower and serum TG level of diabetes was significantly higher than those of control group. The average vitamin A and ${\beta}$-carotene intakes of diabetes were significantly higher than those of control subjects. There was no significant difference in plasma vitamin C, ${\beta}$-carotene, and TBARS levels between two groups, but plasma vitamin A, E and TAS levels were significantly higher in diabetes than those in control group. Plasma vitamin A and TAS levels of diabetic subjects using diet therapy were higher than those of control using diet therapy, and plasma vitamin E, ${\beta}$-carotene and TAS levels of diabetic subjects using vitamin supplements were significantly higher than those of controls using vitamin supplements. These results suggested that diabetic mellitus could enhance antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species and interest in healthy eating such as consumption of more antioxidant nutrients.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.26.1-26.10
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• 2014

Background: Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substance, interfere with the endocrine system, and disrupt hormonal functions. However, the effect of endocrine disruptors in different species has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the possible effects of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), genistein (GEN) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), on capacitation and the acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa. In this in vitro trial, spermatozoa were incubated with $0.001-100{\mu}M$ of each chemical either 15 or 30 min and then assessed capacitation status using chlortetracycline staining. Results: E2 significantly increased capacitation and the acrosome reaction after 30 min, while the acrosome reaction after 15 min incubation in mouse spermatozoa. Simultaneously, capacitation and the acrosome reaction were induced after 15 and 30 min incubation in porcine spermatozoa, respectively. Capacitation was increased in porcine spermatozoa after 15 min incubation at the lowest concentration, while the acrosome reaction was increased in mouse spermatozoa after 30 min (P < 0.05). E2 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa, but only at the highest concentration examined (P < 0.05). P4 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in bovine and mouse spermatozoa treated for 15 min (P < 0.05). The same treatment significantly increased capacitation in porcine spermatozoa (P < 0.05). P4 significantly increased capacitation in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (P < 0.05). GEN significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa treated for 15 and 30 min and in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (P < 0.05). OP significantly increased the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa after 15 min (P < 0.05). Besides, when spermatozoa were incubated for 30 min, capacitation and the acrosome reaction were higher than 15 min incubation in E2 or GEN. Furthermore, the responsiveness of bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa to each chemical differed. Conclusions: In conclusion, all chemicals studied effectively increased capacitation and the acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa. Also we found that both E2 and P4 were more potent than environmental estrogens in altering sperm function. Porcine and mouse spermatozoa were more responsive than bovine spermatozoa.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.131-142
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate future inundation risk of farmland according to the application of coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) and coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6). In this study, future weather data based on CMIP5 and CMIP6 general circulation model (GCM) were collected, and inundation was simulated using the river modeling system for small agricultural watershed (RMS) and GATE2018 in the Tanjung district of the Moohan stream watershed. Although the average probable rainfall of CMIP5 and CMIP6 did not show significant differences as a result of calculating the probability rainfall, the difference between the minimum and maximum values was significantly larger in CMIP6. The results of the flood discharge calculation and the inundation risk assessment showed similar to trends to those of probability rainfall calculations. The risk of inundation in the future period was found to increase in all sub-watersheds, and the risk of inundation has been analyzed to increase significantly, especially if CMIP6 data are used. Therefore, it is necessary to consider climate change effects by utilizing CMIP6-based future weather data when designing and reinforcing water structures in agricultural areas in the future. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for utilizing CMIP6-based future weather data.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 2020

In South Korea, the results of R&D in science and technology are submitted to the National Science and Technology Information Service (NTIS) in reports that have Korea national science and technology standard classification codes (K-NSCC). However, considering there are more than 2000 sub-categories, it is non-trivial to choose correct classification codes without a clear understanding of the K-NSCC. In addition, there are few cases of automatic document classification research based on the K-NSCC, and there are no training data in the public domain. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to build a highly performing K-NSCC classification system based on NTIS report meta-information from the last five years (2013-2017). To this end, about 210 mid-level categories were selected, and we conducted preprocessing considering the characteristics of research report metadata. More specifically, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) technique using only task names and keywords, which are the most influential fields. The proposed model is compared with several machine learning methods (e.g., the linear support vector classifier, CNN, gated recurrent unit, etc.) that show good performance in text classification, and that have a performance advantage of 1% to 7% based on a top-three F1 score.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2003

Traditionally,, analysis, simulation and measurement have all been used to evaluate the performance of network protocols and functional entities that support mobile wireless service. Simulation methods are useful for testing the complex systems which have the very complicate interactions between components. To develop a mobile call simulator which is used to examine, validate, and predict the performance of mobile wireless call procedures must have the teletraffic model, which is to describe the mobile communication environments. Mobile teletraffic model is consists of 2 sub-models, traffic source and network traffic model. In this paper, we analyzed the network traffic data which are gathered from selected Base Stations (BSs) to define the mobile teletraffic model. We defined 4 types of cell location-Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Afforest zone. We selected some Base Stations (BSs) which are represented cell location types in Seoul city, and gathered real data from them And then, we present the call rate per hour, cail distribution pattern per day, busy hours, loose hours, the maximum number of call, and the minimum number of calls based on defined cell location types. Those parameters are very important to test the mobile communication system´s performance and reliability and are very useful for defining the mobile network traffic model or for working the existed mobile simulation programs as input parameters.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.27
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• pp.107-128
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between gymnasium selection and training adherence of security martial arts trainees. To this aim, this study selected 8 gymnasiums in Gyounggi and Incheon province and sampled 220 people above the fourth grade in elementary school. Out of these, 14 cases were dropped due to insufficient answers or incomplete answers, and 206 qualified cases were finally adopted for this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and frequency analysis, MANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis with SPSS 18.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in gymnasium selection factors(instructor background, training program, public relations) depending upon the trainee's sex. Second, there were significant differences in gymnasium selection factors(training program, main others, public relations) depending upon the trainee's school grade. Third, there were no significant differences in training adherence factors depending upon the trainee's sex and school grade. Fourth, there were positive correlations between instructor background, training program and public relations-factors among gymnasium selection and management program, external and social relations-factors among training adherence. Fifth, the partial sub-factors of gymnasium selection have influenced training adherence. Consequently, security martial arts managers and instructors need to establish marketing strategies suitable for sex and school grade to recruit new security martial arts trainees. It may be considered that security martial arts instructors should construct the differentiated management system for trainees and the specialized training program for lasting training of new or existing security martial arts trainees.