• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2007

Bioactive substances, antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of seed extracts were evaluated to discover new functional materials, using 13 edible or medicinal plants. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in Taxus cuspidata, with $57.51mg{\cdot}g^{-1}\;and\;7.98mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively. Seed extract of Vitis coignetiae${\times}$Vitis labruscana($RC_{30}=0.030mg{\cdot}ml^{-1}$) was found to be the most effective in DPPH radical scavenging test, and the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity was shown in Diospyros lotus($RC_{30}=0.044mg{\cdot}ml^{-1}$). Inhibitory effects on peroxidation of linoleic acid determined by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method were similar to BHT in Diospyros kaki, Diospyros lotus, Magnolia officinalis, Styrax obassia, Vitis coignetiae, Vitis coignetiae${\times}$Vistis labruscana, Zizyphus jujuba, Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis. For the inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros lotus, Poncirus tritoliata, Prunus serrulata var. spomtanea, Zizyphus jujuba and Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis exhibited inhibitory activity, and especially Diospyros lotus showed the strongest inhibition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 1990

The forest communities of this area were studied phytosociologically by the method of Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier school. 1) Forest vegetation in this area divided into mountain forest(Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) and plateau(Basin) forest(Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community). 2) Mountain forest(I. Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) divided into I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, I-B. Acer mono group., I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into I-A-1. Styrax obassia subgroup, I-A-2. Lindera erythrocarpa subgroup, I-A-3. Typical subgroup, I-A-4. Zanthoxylum schinifolium subgroup. 3) Plateau(Basin) forest(II. Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community.) divided into II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, II-B. Carpinus cordata-Actinidia arguta group, II-C. Typical group. II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into II-A-1. Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa subgroup, II-A-2. Typical subgroup. II-A-3. Acer mono subgroup. The flora of vasicula plants distributed in Mt. Kasan area was 105 families 350 genera, 515 species, 87 varieties, 2 subspecies and 12 formae in total 616 taxa (This amount to some 64.7% of the whole plant (952 kinds) in Mt. Palgong nature area.).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1990

To investigate and analyze the change of the vegetation community structure between the severely damaged time (in 1980) and the restored time (in 1987) by the pine gall midge. Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Gwangju-gun of Kyongki-do. The total number of woody species per $500m^2$ changed 39 in 1980 to 41 in 1987. According to the damage restoring, the importance value of the genus Quercus as substituting in the severely damaged forest showed a slight decrease but the importance value of Carpinus laxiflora, Sorbus alnifolia and Styrax obassia increased. As to changes of the vegetation community structure for seven years, the diversity of vegetation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 51.9% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.169-185
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• 2017

The result of forest vegetation classification could be quite different and dependant on analysis methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the analyzed results for three kinds of methods (physiognomy dominant species, floristic composition and interspecific association) related to vegetation classification. Vegetation data were collected by the 80 quadrates in Mt. Oseo, Chungcheongnam-do from September to October in 2016. We carried out community type classification using above three methods. As a result, the vegetation according to physiognomy dominant species was classified into ten communities such as Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Zelkova serrata community, Quercus acutissima community, Cornus controversa community, Quercus serrata community, Larix kaempferi community, Pinus rigida community, Castanea crenata community and Liriodendron tulipifera community. The vegetation according to floristic composition was classified into 4 vegetation units. It was totally represented by Lindera erythrocarpa community group. And L. erythrocarpa community group was classified into the Rhododendron mucronulatum community (subdivided R. mucronulatum typical group and Styrax obassia group) and Zelkova serrata community (subdivided Larix kaempferi group and Pseudostellaria palibiniana group). As a result of interspecific association, forest vegetation was divided into two groups. And it was considered that the vegetation type by floristic composition and interspecific association significant could be affected by topography. There were lots of vegetation groups or units in the order like 10 types of communities by the physiognomy dominant species, 8 species group and 4 vegetation types by the floristic composition, and 2 types by the interspecific association. In conclusion, vegetation classification methods elicited diverse vegetation groups or units with lots of correlations of environmental factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the site and growth characteristics of Mackia amurensis stand in natural forest of Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, Korea. The 28 sample plots ($30m{\times}30m$) were established to examine the vegetation and site characteristics for M. amurensis stand. Stem analysis was performed on two sample trees for each of the 5 plots situated at intervals of 100 m by altitude. M. amurensis trees were mainly distributed at the ridge and the slope facing north, with altitudes ranging from 790 to 1,170 m. The M. amurensis grew at relatively deep A-layer of soil with high moisture but infertile. Dominant species with M. amurensis were Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono, Ulmus davidiana var., japonica, Tilia amurensis, and Populus davidiana. TWINSPAN classified four communities in Mt. Joongwang area; M. amurensis-P. davidiana community (xeric type), M. amurensis-U. davidiana var. japonica community (xeric type), M. amurensis-T. amurensis community (moist type), and M. amurensis-Styrax obassia community (moist type). According to the community type, trees per ha were more abundant in the area of the moist types than the xeric types. Height growth of M. amurensis increased with increasing ages until 10 years, and then decreased thereafter, especially at altitude of 1,020m. M. amurensis showed rapid early growth of height and volume, indicating possible high biomass production under enough light. Growth of M. amurensis increased greatly at about 40 years if released from severe competitions. The rotation age of natural M. amurensis stand was expected for above 50 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2008

Recognizing the necessity of the development of ecologically sound silvicultural system for the mature Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), this study was carried out to examine the invasion and growth of understory vegetation after partial cutting. In 1997, the age class VII Korean pine forest in the Experimental Forest of Kangwon National University was opened up about 50% by modified shelterwood cutting with site preparation to induce succeeding regenerations. After 10 years, plenty of hardwood have come to the stand, forming understory vegetation. The abundance and composition of understory vegetation was periodically investigated in the ten $10m{\times}10m$ permanent sample plots, estimating importance values, species diversity index and the distribution of diameter and height of the understory vegetation. Encouraged by canopy opening, the coverage of understory reached perfect closure, composed of 22 tree species and 20 shrub species in 2007. Morus bombycis occupied 29.6% of the total importance value and Cornus controversa was 17.0%, followed by Styrax obassia, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis. In the year of 2000 the species diversity was highest as 2.547 with 26 tree species and deceasing thereafter, showing 2.220 with 22 tree species in 2007. As understory layer was thickly covered and got grow bigger, some shade intolerant species were disappeared, lowering species diversity. In 2007 the biggest tree was a Quercus aliena with 11.3 cm of DBH and the tallest tree was a Cornus controversa with 9.8m of height. The frequency distribution of number of trees by diameter and height classes formed the inverted-J-shaped curve, supposed to be typical uneven-aged stand.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 1995

The growth, size and morphology of leaves, which foliated on the same shoot and time in the early growth season, were studied in 12 woody species in temperate deciduous forests of Korea, and the equation for the index of heteromorphism of leaves was fonnulated. The numbers of leaves per shoot were from 3 to 7 in early growth season and the numbers of synchronous leafing were from 2 to 6. All the leaves on a shoot were reached maximum values of specific leaf arells at the SIlme time nearly. The differences of the length (L) and breadth (B) of leaves along leaf rank (plastochron) were conspicuous, except for Quercus variabilis. Especially, in 10 species, the ~fferences of the neighbouring leaves were significant at 0.001 or 0.05 level. The index of leaf heteromorphism was calculated from the data based on $L\;{\times}\;B$ and LIB, and similar to differences of actual leaves along leaf rank. The values of index of heteromorphism were high in Carpinus tschonosldi, Styrax obassia, Ulmus davidiana, Rhamnus yoshinoi and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, and low in Sorbus alnifolia and Tilia amurensis. The index of heteromorphism had no relation to other characters of the leaf or life fonn of the species. It was thought that the differences along leaf rank were related to the degree of adaptation to environment, especially to changing air temperature in early growth season.season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 1997

In order to determine ecological niches of forests in Mt. UnJang, the studies were analyzed on the methods of TWINSPAN and DCCA ordination. The results are summarized as follows : Six communities determined by TWINSPAN : Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis, and Quercus mongolica community. In the relations of major community and environmental factors, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, and Acer mono community were distributed valley or evenness in the rich of organic matter. Elevation was high comparatively. Carpinus tschonoskii and Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis community were distributed in the low elevation, in rich of MgO and $CaCO_3$. Quercus mongolica community were distributed in the high elevation, in low of MgO, $CaCO_3$. The factors in influencing community distribution were elevation. The importance value in all the quadrats sampled, Quercus mongolica recorded the highest and the next values then came those Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus tschonoskii, Acer pseudosieboldianum Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax obassia and Lindera obtusiloba in the orders.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1995

To investigate plant community structure of Uiryung valley, Harujae valley, Kugi valley, Songchu valley, Tobongsan valley in Bukhansan National Park, each thirty eight, forty, twenty six. twenty eight, thirty six plots (plot size 100$m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed data were integrated and classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into nine groups in seventy nine plots by TWINBPAN and the dividing groups were Carpinus laxiflora community(I), Quercus mongolica community(II), Pinus densiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community(IV) Q. mongolica-Q. serrata- Prunus sargentii community(V), Q. mongolica Q. variabilis community(Ⅵ), Robinia pseudoacacia-Q. serrata community(Ⅶ). P. rigida-Q. serrata community(Ⅷ), Q. mongolica- Q. variabilis- Styrax obassia community(Ⅸ). So the successional trends of tree species at the natural forest seem to be from P. densiflora to Q. mongolica and at the artificial forest seem to be from R. pseudoacacia, P. rigida to Q. acutissima, Fraxinus rhynchophylla in canopy layer And in the subtree and shrub layer, it wag supposed that from Deotzia prunifolia, Rhus trichocarpa. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhasleilse, Euonymus oxyphyllous to Magnolia sieboldii, Acer psuedo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. In comparing successional trends with past study, it was postulated that successtion is not progressed by human disturbance and soil acidification by the air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the mountain ridges ranging from Songchu to Dobong, this research set up 22 plots$(400m^2)$ as survey target areas. As a result of the analysis of woody plant cluster, it was classified as two groups-Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community. Quercus mongolica was found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge areas from Songchu to Dobong, while Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Quercus acutissima were mixed up partly in low altitudes. High negative correlations were shown between Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata, Quercus serrata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Pinus densiflora and Acer pseudosieboldianum, and relatively high positive correlations were found to exist between Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata; Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigid a and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Sorbus alnifolia and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora; Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Styrax obassia; Magnolia sieboldii and Symplocos chinensis. Species diversity index(H') by community at the surveyed areas stayed in the scope of $0.997\sim1.160$, which indexes showed nothing different from the vegetation structure of other national parks.