• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 1998

Vegetational data from 25 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities at Hangyeryong and Paekdamsa area in Soraksan National Park were analysed by applying two multivariate methods: two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) for ordination. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis, Quercus mongolica-Abies holophylla, Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassis, and Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata groups according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups according ot the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis group was distributed in the high elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus monholica-Abies holophylla group was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassia group was distributed in the medium elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., while Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C.. The dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation, total nitrogen and C.E.C..

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1993

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Dosolbong area in Mt. Sobaek, 20 plots(400$m^2$) set up with random sampling method. Three groups were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Tilia amurensis, Weigela subsessilis, Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii and Stephanandra incisa, Lespedeza bicolor and Styrax obassia, and high negative correlations was proved between Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Symplocos chinensis, Carpinus cordata. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 2.2521-2.3772. Leontopodium japonicum community at Dosolbong area in Mt. Sobaek should be conserved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 1987

This study was executed to measure the user\`s impact natural environment in National Park Campsite. Therefore, we choose Mt. Chiak National Park and the campsite in the district of Temple Ku-Ryong as a model of analysis, which is made by ecological approach, the number of the user has influence on the environment near the campsite. The result are as follows : 1. The more the number of users becomes, the more Na, Ca, Mg ion concentration and pH in the soil increase and the less K ion becomes. 2. Litter and humus depth, litter coverage, herb coverage, soil hardness, the surface of the ground layer and tree species numbers, density and coverage of lower layer shows a sensitive reaction to the number of the users. 3. The research shows that the tolerant trees against campsite impact are Lespedeza maximowiczii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium Staphylea bumalda, Smilax sieboldii, Quercus aliena, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Weigela subsessilis and Securinega suffruticosa, and the sensitive trees are Stephanandra incisa, Rubus trichocarpa, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax obassia, Acer palmatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron suhlippenbachii, Rhus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. 4. The high density of the users made the simplication of a vegetation structure. So, as the number of the user increase the species showed severe heterogeniety between the heavy-use and nonuse site. 5. As considering the landscape management about campsite and surrounding area on the way of analysis of national landscape aspect and succession sere according to ecological aspect, it may be desirable that Pinus densiflora forest be conserved as Pinus densiflora landscape and mixed forest produce natural scenery with succession sere.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.341-348
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• 2001

Population dynamics of the oldest relic stand of Pinus densiflora for. erecta which remains as a status of patch in Sokwang-Ri area, Uljin-Gun, was studied to provide the basic data for conservation of the oldest pine stand in Korea. The upper slope site and ridge site including total 12 plots mainly represented Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Quercus mongolica. These two tree species showed reverse J-shaped distribution. From this information, it was concluded that intensive interspecific competition between two species could be occurring. Age distribution of P. densiflora for. erecta on the sites above middle slope area was indicated bi-modal type or tri-modal type which was known as an age structure of climax forest. Therefore, it was estimated that Pinus densiflora for. erecta population could be continuously maintained in the each patch above middle slope area. In the valley sites, hardwood species such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum occupied most part of the under crown-cover area and their seedlings and saplings were developing into the closed upper layer crown because the height of upper layer crown reached about 35 meters and such a high crown height was more suitable for light utilization by plants of under layer. The growth patterns were mainly fluctuated for the entire life time of the oldest tree caused by frequent disturbance. And the initial growth curves of the mature trees and suppressed juvenile trees showed different tendencies along the sites.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 1990

This study was executed to analyze the vegetational landscape structure and administration planning of Heonin Royal Tomb forest by three kinds of ordination techniques (PCA, RA and DCA) and comparison of the couple photographs between 1920s and 1980s. Seventeen sites in the recreation area and fifteen sites in the protective area were sampled with clumped sampling method in June 1988 and five quadrats were examined in each site. Environmental impact grade 3, 4 and 5 area covered 56.4% of the surveyed area and these area should be restored by the input of human energy. Pinus densifora community of actual vegetation covered 8.4%, Alnus japonica 24.2% and Quercus community 40.9% of the total area. And the afforested vegetation of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida covered 23.1 % The recreation area was divided by P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Quercus aliena, A. japonica-Q.aliena, A. japonica and the protective area by Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, A. japonica-Q. aliena.. DCA ordination showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia, Styrax obassia to Q. variabilis Q. serrata in P. densiflora community and from A. japonica through A. ginnala to Q. aliena in A. japonica community of the upper layer. By the comparison of the couple photographs between 1920s and 1980s, we can recognize the change of historical landscape composed of P. densiflora community and those community is succeeded to Q. aliena.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2002

Dwarf bamboo(Sasa borealis) is a dominant understory species in the various forest types in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate vegetation structure of Sasa borealis and effects of Sasa on the growth of overstory tree species along the forest development after clearcutting. Three representative stand types with and without S. borealis in Baekwoonsan, Chonnam province were selected in 1998 for this study: uncutting stands(natural deciduous forests with overstory vegetation), 1987-cutting stands (11 years after clearcutting), and 1993-cutting stands(5 years after clearcuting). Vegetation type was largely classified into Sasa borealis dominant type and Sasa borealis recessive or absent type. The former composed of four associations including Quercus serrata-Carpinus laxiflora / Sasa borealis community, Cornus controversa-Morus bombysis / Sasa borealis community, Styrax japonica-Styrax obassia / Sasa borealis association, Zelkova serrata / Sasa borealis community. The latter divided into six associations including Quercus serrata / Lindera erythrocarpa community, Cornus controversa / Lindera erythrocarpa community, Quercus serrata / Acer pseudosieboldianum / Deutzia glabrata community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus serrata / Lindera erythrocarpa / Euonymus alataus community, Rubus crataegifolius-Hydrangea macrophylla community, Rubus crataegifolius-Lespedeza bicolor community. Distribution of Sasa, borealis by developmental stages of forests showed that in natural stands was dominant understory, but was various pattern in two cutting stands. Mean annual ring growth of Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora during the last 35 years had not been affected by presence of Sasa, based on comparisons in annual ring growth between Sasa-present and Sasa-absent stands. In conclusion, dense crown of Sasa borealis suppressed the invasion of other shrubs or annuals and facilitated later stages of plant succession by promoting growth of shade-tolerant tree species after clear cutting.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.482-500
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the phytosociological vegetation structure through a sampling survey of Mt. Jirisan National Park. And it was conducted to provide the latest data for establishing a conservation and management plan for forest ecosystems. As a result of TWINSPAN classification, it was classified into 4 communities. Group I is the Fraxinus mandshurica - Acer pseudosieboldianum Community, group II is the Quercus serrata - Quercus variabilis Community, group III is the Quercus mongolica Community, group IV is the Pinus densiflora Community. Group I is dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica in the canopy layer, and Cornus controversa and Quercus mongolica compete and maintain dominance. Group II is dominated by Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata in canopy layer, and Styrax obassia and Styrax japonicus compete in sub-tree layer. In group III, Quercus mongolica has a high dominance of 67% in canopy layer and 27% in the sub-tree layer, and Acer pseudosieboldianum competes with the Quercus mongolica in the sub-tree layer. In group IV, Pinus densiflora showed a high dominance of 74% in canopy layer. The sub-tree layer is dominated by Quercus mongolica, and is accompanied by competition between Carpinus tschonoskii and Fraxinus sieboldiana.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2003

In order to identify plant species and communities characteristic of lithospheric condition, forest vegetations of igneous(mainly granite) and sedimentary(mainly sandstone) areas in Kyungpook province were compared. We collected 108 phytosociological releves from the older forests over 20 years old. 444 vascular plant species and 25 plant communities were identified. Results of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) indicated that lithospheric conditions and human impacts were the most important factors related to the plant community diversity and species richness. In the igneous rock areas net contribution degree (rNCD) of 139 species including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba and Fraxinus sieboldiana increased and those of Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica decreased. In the sedimentary rock areas, to a lesser extent, 96 species including Q. aliena, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Potentilla fragarioides var. major, Rhus javanica, and Plectranthus japonicus increased, whereas character species of Lindero-Quercion mongolicae such as Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Acer mono and Styrax obassia decreased, and particularily the species Sasa borealis, the Alangium-Zelkova serrata community and the Philadelphus-Fraxinus mandshurica community were absent. The vegetation of sedimentary rock area is characterized as a regional type shaping dwarf pine forests and sparse and light broad-leaved forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1993

To investigate the structure of the forest community of Huibang valley in Sobaeksan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by DCA community divided 4 groups. The divided groups are Pinus densiflora community, Q. mongolica -P. densiflora community. Q. mongolica-Stewartia koreana-Carpinus laxiflora community, and Q. mongolica- Acer pseudosieboldianum community. In the analysis by ordination, CCA which points out the relationship among the environmental variables, species and plots indicated primary step of secondary succession. The successional trends of both techniques. seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrate to C. laxiflora(or S. koreana) in canopy layer below an altitude of 800 meters, and from Rhododendron mucronulaltum. Rh. schlippenbachli. Rhus trichocarpa through Styrax obassia. Lindera obtusiloba to Magnolia sieboldii, Corylus sieboldiana in subtree and shrub layer. The positive correlation between the stand ordination scores .and soil moisture and soil humus were calculated.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2004

This study was conducted to provide appropriate tending operation strategies for the natural deciduous forest, by the method of evaluating the stand quality, suggesting the removal plan for the undesirable trees, and predicting improvement cutting practice by tree quality evaluation. The results showed that average number of trees per ha was 717 stems, average DBH was 21.1cm. and average height was 13.6m. Canopy dominant species were in the order of Quercus serrata, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Styrax obassia, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. Based on grades of four tree form factors for all tree in the study plots, we estimate the change of tree numbers. DBH and height with the improvement cutting by different tree grade. When the higher tree grade was applied to tending operation, the number of stem was decreased, but the values of DBH and height were not changed much, predicted to improve the stand quality.