• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to identify the life form characteristics, naturalized degree and introduction period of naturalized plants on upland fields in South Korea. The survey sites were selected in 222 upland fields over 9 provinces where are relatively dry soil conditions and are disturbed continuously by farming practices. It seemed that these uplands maintain good condition for the invasion and settlement of alien plants. Field surveys were carried out twice from May to June and from August to September in 2013. The vascular plants of the upland fields were listed into 539 taxa which contain 103 families, 320 genera, 448 species, 2 subspecies, 74 varieties and 15 forms. Ninety nine taxa were naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 64 genera, 91 species and 8 varieties. The urbanization index and naturalized index is 30.65% and 18.37%, respectively. Among total 99 naturalized plants, Compositae (30 taxa) was the most dominant family, and followed by Gramineae (14 taxa). On the basis of dormancy form, 78 taxa were belong to Th (Therophyte). In radicoid form, $R_5$ plants (86 taxa) and $R_3$ plants (14 taxa) were dominantly distributed. In disseminule form, $D_4$ including 63 taxa and $D_2$ containing 26 taxa were dominant. On the basis of growth form, erect form (e) containing 26 taxa was dominant. In conclusion, life form spectrum was $Th-R_5-D_4-e$ type. According to life form analysis, naturalized degree and introduction period, alien plants with unique characteristics may have high ability to settle and spread nationwide after inflow into South Korea. It needs further to observe some plant species with or without ecological features such as widely disseminated seeds by wind or water, high seed productivity, long life-span seeds, high germination rate of seeds, or non-dormant germinable seed.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the treatment results of 30 patients with pineal region tumors who were underwent radiation therapy under the diagnosis by either CT or MRI. There was no histological verification. We analyzed the prognostic factors that have a significant effect on the overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates. Materials and Methods : A total 30 patients with pineal region tumors were treated between March 1983 and August 1995. After a trial radiation therapy of $20\~30\;Gy/2\~3$ weeks, the patients were evaluated for their clinical response and radiological response by either CT or MRI and the final treatment direction was then decided. According to their response to the trial radiation therapy and the involved site, radiation treatment was given in various fields i.e., local, ventricle, whole brain and craniospinal field. The radiation dose ranged from 40.8 to 59.4 Gy (Median 50.4 Gy). The median follow up was 36.5 months $(4\~172\;months)$. Results : An improvement or stability in the clinical symptoms was observed in 28 patients $(93.3\%)$ after the trial RT. Nineteen patients $(63.3\%)$ showed a partial or complete response by CT or MRI. The two-year and five-year survival rates of the patients were $66.7\%$ and $55.1\%$, respectively. No significant difference in the survival rates according to the degree of the radiological response was abserved after the trial RT. The results of univariate analysis showed that age, the primary site, the performance status $(KPS\geq70)$, the degree of response after completing RT and the RT field were significant prognostic factors affecting the survival and disease free survival rates (p<0.05). Conclusion : The clinical and histological characteristics of pineal region tumors are quite complex and diverse. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the histological diagnosis and the possibility of radiocurability only with the initial response to RT. We think that the development of less invasive histological diagnostic techniques and tailored treatment to the histological type of each tumor are needed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.566-575
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• 2009

Background: The function of a bioprosthetic heart valve is determined largely by the material properties of the valve cusps. The uniaxial tensile test has been studied extensively. This type of testing, however, does not replicate the natural biaxial loading condition. The objective of the present study was to investigate the regional variability of the biaxial strain versus pressure relationship based on the types of fixation liquid models. Material and Method: Porcine aortic valves and pulmonary valves were assigned to three groups: the untreated fresh group, the fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) group, and the glutaraldehyde with solvent (e.g., ethanol) group. For each group we measured the radial and circumferential stretch characteristics of the valve as a function of pressure change. Result: Radial direction elasticity of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves were better than circumferential direction elasticity in fresh, GA fixed and GA+solvent fixed groups (p=0.00). Radial and circumferential direction elasticity of pulmonary valves were better than aortic valves in GA fixed, and GA+solvent fixed groups (p=0.00). Radial and circumferential direction elasticity of aortic valves were decreased after GA and GA+solvent fixation(p=0.00), except for circumferential elasticity of GA+solvent fixed valves (p=0.785). The radial (p=0.137) and circumferential (p=0.785) direction of elasticity of aortic valves were not significantly different between GA fixed. and GA+solvent fixed groups. Radial (p=0.910) and circumferential (p=0.718) direction of elasticity of pulmonary valve also showed no significant difference between GA fixed and GA+solvent fixed groups. Conclusion: When fixing porcine valves with GA, adding a solvent does not cause a loss of mechanical properties, but, does not improve elasticity either. Radial direction elasticity of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves was better than circumferential direction elasticity.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

Objectives: In establishing policies for agricultural safety, evaluating injury burdens as well as investigating the rates and characteristics of work injury is important. This study investigated the types and characteristics of agricultural injury subjective burdens. Methods: By analyzing the injured farmers identified in the 2013 Korean Farmers' Occupational Injury Survey, the burdens caused by injuries were categorized using one direct cost item (medical costs) and five indirect cost items (including productivity decreases and wage increases). Statistical differences among the burden items were analyzed using logistic regression analysis according to the characteristics of the farmers and their farm injuries. Results: Among the subjective burdens indicated by the 457 injured farmers, disruption to work was most common. The major influences on each subjective burden item are as follows: for the item of disruption to work, age, time of injury occurrence, treatment period, and farming machine use were influential; for an increased family member's burden of farm works, the number of family members and treatment period were influential. Regarding cost burden of treatment, the results varied according to whether or not the patient was hospitalized and annual income. Conclusion: Subjective burdens induced by indirect costs rather than those induced by direct costs were found to be higher in ratio. In regard to each burden item, the results varied according to the characteristics of the farmers and their farm injuries. To support injured farmer, setting goals to reduce indirect cost burdens and preparing concrete methods is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.276-293
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• 2011

In this study a modeling system consisting of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE), the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and the CMAQ-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution (MADRID) model has been applied to estimate enhancements of $PM_{10}$ during Asian dust events in Korea. In particular, 5 experimental formulas were applied to the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ (MADRID) model to estimate Asian dust emissions from source locations for major Asian dust events in China and Mongolia: the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model, the Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, and the Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model, as well as formulas by Park and In (2003), and Wang et al. (2000). According to the weather map, backward trajectory and satellite image analyses, Asian dust is generated by a strong downwind associated with the upper trough from a stagnation wave due to development of the upper jet stream, and transport of Asian dust to Korea shows up behind a surface front related to the cut-off low (known as comma type cloud) in satellite images. In the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling to estimate the PM10 concentration, Wang et al.'s experimental formula was depicted well in the temporal and spatial distribution of Asian dusts, and the GOCART model was low in mean bias errors and root mean square errors. Also, in the vertical profile analysis of Asian dusts using Wang et al's experimental formula, strong Asian dust with a concentration of more than $800\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for the period of March 31 to April 1, 2007 was transported under the boundary layer (about 1 km high), and weak Asian dust with a concentration of less than $400\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for the period of 16-17 March 2009 was transported above the boundary layer (about 1-3 km high). Furthermore, the difference between the CMAQ model and the CMAQ-MADRID model for the period of March 31 to April 1, 2007, in terms of PM10 concentration, was seen to be large in the East Asia area: the CMAQ-MADRID model showed the concentration to be about $25\;{\mu}g/m^3$ higher than the CMAQ model. In addition, the $PM_{10}$ concentration removed by the cloud liquid phase mechanism within the CMAQ-MADRID model was shown in the maximum $15\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the Eastern Asia area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1255-1262
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to analyze the general and functional components of various soybeans, used for producing soy sauce, tofu, bean sprouts, and for cooking with rice. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash content of soybeans were in the ranges of 5.50~6.16%, 38.49~41.08%, 14.89~21.89%, and 4.89~5.86%, respectively. Mineral and functional components varied by sample and showed no relationship with usage type. Somyeong for bean sprouts had the highest level of Ca (406.36 mg/100 g), and Sinpaldal for soy sauce and tofu had the highest level of Mg (247.79 mg/100 g). However, Jinpum No. 2 for soy sauce and tofu had the lowest level of Ca (199.51 mg/100 g), and Seonhuk had the lowest level of Mg (90.03 mg/100 g) among the soybeans tested. The isoflavone content in soybeans was in the range of 97.54~402.00 mg/100 g. Somyeong for bean sprouts had the highest level and Seonheuk for cooking with rice had the lowest level. Total oligosaccharides were in the range of $5,838.52{\sim}9,345.90{\mu}g/100g$. Sucrose content was approximately 50% of total oligosaccharides in all samples. Raffinose content was $516.28{\sim}806.95{\mu}g/100g$, and stachyose content was $2,047.13{\sim}3,454.10{\mu}g/100g$. Phytosterols including bracassisterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and ${\beta}$-sitosterol ranged from 19.25~35.34 mg/100 g. ${\beta}$-sitosterol represented 50% of total phytosterols in almost all samples, followed by campesterol, stigmasterol and bracassisterol. The phytic acid content in soybeans tested was around 2%, except for Sinpaldal No. 2 and Jinpum No. 2 at 0.86% and 1.65%, respectively. The dietary fiber of soybeans was in the ranges of 24.20%~29.20%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-53
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• 1989

In the past twenty years, there has been a rapid increase in the volume of traffic in Korea due to the Korean great growth of the Korean economy. Since transformation provides an infrastructure vital to economic growth, it becomes more and more an integral part of the Korea economy. The importance of coastal shipping stands out in particular, not only because of the expansion limit on the road network, but also because of saturation in the capacity of rail transportation. In spite of this increase and its importance, coastal shipping is falling behind partly because it is givenless emphasis than ocean-going shipping and other inland transportation systems and partly because of overcompetition due to excessive ship tonnage. Therefore, estimating and planning optimum ship tonnage is the first take to develop Korean coastal shipping. This paper aims to estimate the optimum coastal ship tonnage by computer simulation and finally to draw up plans for the ship tonnage balance according to supply and demand. The estimation of the optimum ship tonnage is peformed by the method of Origin -Destimation and time series analysis. The result are as follows : (1) The optimum ship tonnage in 1987 was 358, 680 DWT, which is 54% of the current ship tonnage (481 ships, 662, 664DWT) that is equal to the optimum ship tonnage in 1998. this overcapacity result is in excessive competition and financial difficulties in Korea coastal shipping. (2) The excessive ship tonnage can be broken down into ship types as follows : oil carrier 250, 926 DWT(350%), cement carrier 9, 977 DWT(119%), iron material/machinery carrier 25, 665 DWT(117%), general cargo carrier 17, 416DWT(112%). (3) the current total ship crew of 5, 079 is more than the verified optimally efficient figure of 3, 808 by 1271. (4) From the viewpoint of management strategy, it is necessary that excessive ship tonnage be reduced and uneconomic outdated vessels be broken up. And its found that the diversion into economically efficient fleets is urgently required in order to meet increasing annual rate in the amounts of cargo(23, 877DWT). (5) The plans for the ship tonnage balance according to supply and demand are as follows 1) The establishment of a legislative system for the arrangement of ship tonnage. This would involve; (a) The announcement of an optimum tonnage which guides the licensing of cargo vessels and ship tonnage supply. (b) The establishment of an organization that substantially arrangement tonnage in Korea coastal shipping. 2) The announcement of an optimum ship tonnage both per year and short-term that guides current tonnage supply plans. 3) The settlement of elastic tariffs resulting in the protect6ion of coastal shipping's share from other tonnage supply plans. 4) The settlement of elastic tariffs resulting in the protection of coastal shipping's share from other transportation systems. 4) Restriction of ocean-going vessels from participating in coastal shipping routes. 5) Business rationalization of coastal shipping company which reduces uneconomic outdated vessels and boosts the national economy. If we are to achieve these ends, the followings are prerequisites; I) Because many non-licensed vessels are actually operating and threatening the safe voyage of the others in Korea coastal routes, it is necessary that those ind of vessels be controlled and punished by the authorities. II) The supply of ship tonnage in Korean coastal routes should be predently monitored because most of the coastal vessels are to small to be diverted into ocean-going routes in case of excessive supply. III) Every ship type which is engaged in coastal shipping should be specialized according to the characteristics of its routes as soon possible.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

Purpose: The present study was conducted to establish the experimental condition for the proper evaluation of protein removal efficacy when developing protein removal agents. Its protein removal efficacy was further analyzed and compared with the result from protein removal efficacy against protein deposition on contact lens to suggest the evaluation method for efficacy of protein removal agents. Methods: Protein digestibility assay presented in the Korean pharmacopoeia was selected to establish the evaluation method for efficacy of papain, pancreatin, subtilisin A and protease itself as a ingredient and protein removal tablets or solution containing those enzymes and find a suitable test conditions. Furthermore, the cleaning efficacy of commercially available protein removal tablets and solution on balafilcon A lens deposited with protein artificially was measured and the correlation between two evaluation methods was further analyzed. Results: When pancreatin itself and the product containing pancreatin was evaluated by protein digestibility assay, both reached 28 IU/mg, the standard value of protein digestibility suggested by the Korean pharmacopoeia. In case of protease and subtilisin A tested with trichloroacetic acid B solution, both of them met the enzyme activity level proposed by the manufacturers when they were evaluated by protein digestibility assay however, papain and subtilisin A tested with trichloroacetic acid A solution were not reached the enzyme activity level. Among protein removal agents, three products except a product containing pancreatin did not meet the enzyme activity value specified by the manufacturer when they were evaluated by protein digestibility assay. However, actual protein removal efficacy of three products except a papain-containing product on the lens was greater than 90% protein removal. In the case of papain-containing protein removal product, its effect was not measured by protein digestibility assay however, its actual protein removal efficacy on the lens reached 73.72%. Conclusions: From the results, it was confirmed that the efficacy of protein removal agents for contact lens should be evaluated by different method according to the type of proteolytic enzyme contained. That is, the protein removal agents containing pancreatin, protease and subtilisin A can be evaluated by protein digestibility assay and protein removal efficiency evaluation and the products containing papain can be effectively evaluated by only the evaluation method for protein removal efficiency employing the lens.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2009

After replicating 10 bronze types such as Gyemija, Gyeongjaja, Eulhaeja, etc. before the Imjin war, we studied the change of microstructure from each casting process, method, and alloy ratio by Gyechukja replicated from "Donggukyeojiseungnam". We selected the average of compositions of Eulhaeja in the National Museum of Korea as the standard(Cu 86.7%, Sn: 9.7%, Pb: 2.3%) of bronze types, so we decided on the alloy's composition of Cu 87%, Sn 15%, Pb 8% added to 5% Sn and Pb contents because of evaporating the Sn and the Pb. Before replicating major metal types, we made master-alloy first, melting it again, and then replicated metal types. The composition of the 1'st replicated Gyechukja showed the range of Cu 85.81~87.63%, Sn 9.27~10.51%, Pb 3.05~3.19%. The 2'nd replicated Gyechukja made using the branch metal left after casting the 1st replica. The 2nd replicated Gyechukja showed the composition range of Cu 87.21~88.09%, Sn 9.06~9.36%, Pb 2.80~3.05%. This result decreases a little contents of Sn and Pb as compared with metal types of the 1st replica. However, it's almost the same as the Eulhaeja's average composition ratio in the National Museum of Korea. As a result of observing the microstructure of restored Gyechukja, it showed the dendrite structure of the typical casting structure and the segregation of Pb. There is no big difference of microstructure between the 1st and the 2nd restored metal types, even though the 2nd restored types partially decreases the eutectoid region in comparison with the 1st types. The systematic and scientific restoration experiment of metal types using Joseon period will be showed the casting method and alloy ratio, and this will be of great help to the study of restoration metal types in the future.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2002

Pollutants from industry, mining, agriculture, and other sources have contaminated sediments in many surface water bodies. Sediment contamination poses a severe threat to human health and environment because many toxic contaminants that are barely detectable in the water column can accumulate in sediments at much higher levels. The purpose of this study was to make optimal treatment and disposal plan o( sediment for water quality improvement in small-scale resevoir based on an evaluation of degree of contamination. The degree of contamination were investigated for 23 samples of 9 site at different depth of sediment in small-scale J river. Results for analysis of contaminated sediments were observed that copper concentration of 4 samples were higher than the regulation of hazardous waste (3 mg/L) and that of all samples were exceeded soil pollution warning levels for agricultural areas. Lead and mercury concentration of all samples were detected below both regulations. Necessary of sediment dredge was evaluated for organic matter and nutrient through standard levels of Paldang lake and the lower Han river in Korea and Tokyo bay and Yokohama bay in Japan. The degree of contamination for organic matter and nutrient was not serious. Compared standard levels of Japan, America, and Canada for heavy metal, contaminated sediment was concluded as lowest effect level or limit of tolerance level because standard levels of America and Canada was established worst effect of benthic organisms. The optimal treatment method of sediment contained heavy metal was cement-based solidification/stabilization to prevent heavy metal leaching.