• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3494-3510
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• 2019

Wireless sensor networks encounter energy saving as a major issue as the sensor nodes having no rechargeable batteries and also the resources are limited. Clustering of sensors play a pivotal role in energy saving of the deployed sensor nodes. However, in the cluster based wireless sensor network, the cluster heads tend to consume more energy for additional functions such as reception of data, aggregation and transmission of the received data to the base station. So, careful selection of cluster head and formation of cluster plays vital role in energy conservation and enhancement of lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. This study proposes a new mutation chemical reaction optimization (MCRO) which is an algorithm based energy efficient clustering protocol termed as MCRO-ECP, for wireless sensor networks. The proposed protocol is extensively developed with effective methods such as potential energy function and molecular structure encoding for cluster head selection and cluster formation. While developing potential functions for energy conservation, the following parameters are taken into account: neighbor node distance, base station distance, ratio of energy, intra-cluster distance, and CH node degree to make the MCRO-ECP protocol to be potential energy conserver. The proposed protocol is studied extensively and tested elaborately on NS2.35 Simulator under various senarios like varying the number of sensor nodes and CHs. A comparative study between the simulation results derived from the proposed MCRO-ECP protocol and the results of the already existing protocol, shows that MCRO-ECP protocol produces significantly better results in energy conservation, increase network life time, packets received by the BS and the convergence rate.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of training and implementation of a pediatric peripheral intravenous infusion protocol on the nurses' performance and infusion complication rate. Methods: A quasiexperimental study using a posttest comparison of a one group pretest-time series design was utilized. This method was developed to measure nursing knowledge and performance based on a pediatric peripheral intravenous infusion protocol. To calculate the occurrence rate of complications, the number of complications were divided into the number of intravenous insertions. Results: It was shown that the training developed by the study team in 2015 contributed to nurses' increased knowledge, as well as improved job performance. Furthermore, the implementation of the protocol revealed that the number of peripheral intravenous insertions, an invasive procedure, decreased. Additionally, the nursing workload related to pediatric intravenous infusions was reduced. Conclusion: This protocol may contribute to the improved scientific quality and efficiency of nursing management of peripheral intravenous infusions.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.356-362
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the effect of evidence-based guidelines for catheter dysfunction among hemodialysis patients, Success rate and bleeding complications in catheterization were examined. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study, including 94 patients with catheter dysfunction who were receiving hemodialysis at a university hospital; 55 in the control group and 39 in the protocol group. This protocol was composed of the catheter dysfunction assessment, conservative management of catheter dysfunction, drug management of catheter dysfunction, catheter function test and maintenance management. Data were analyzed with a Chi-square test and t-test using SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. Results: The patency rate of the protocol group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The rate of bleeding complications was not statistically significant for either the control group or the protocol group before or after application. Conclusion: The application of the guidelines effectively increased the patency rate of the catheter without bleeding complications. It is hoped that this guideline can be disseminated to nurses nationwide to improve the efficiency of catheter function for hemodialysis patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2022

Purpose: Practical training in pediatric nursing gives students the opportunity to apply nursing knowledge to children in a realistic clinical context. Clinical practice faculty (CPF) and clinical nursing instructor (CNI) have played important roles in the pediatric nursing practicum. This study was conducted to develop a protocol to guide clinical practicum in pediatric nursing. Methods: A service design methodology was employed between August 2020 and May 2021 at four universities and four hospitals in South Korea. The participants were five CPFs, five CNIs, five nursing college graduates, and 60 nursing students. The service design process had four phases: discovery, definition, development, and delivery. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations. The data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results: The participants reported needs for providing concrete guidance and explanation, nursing practice experience, and a link between school and the clinical field. A protocol was developed to fulfill the participants' needs. The protocol comprised detailed information, teaching methodology, and partnership to guide students in the pediatric nursing practicum. Conclusion: The protocol developed in this study can be used to provide guidance for students' clinical practice in the field of pediatric nursing.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1986

In this paper, we analyze the performance, particularly the flow control mechanism, of the CCITT X.25 protocol in a packet-switched network. In this analysis, we consider the link and packet layers separately, and investigate the performance in three measures; normalized channel throughput, mean transmission time, and transmission efficiency. Each of these measures is formulated in terms of given protocol parameters such as windos size, $T_1$ and $T_2$ values, message length, and so forth. We model the service procedure of the inpur traffic based on the flow control mechanism of the X.25 protocol, and investigate the mechanism of the sliding window flow control with the piggybacked acknowlodgment scheme using a discrete-time Markov chain model. With this model, we study the effect of variation of the protoccol parameters on the performance of the X.25 protocol. From the numerical results of this analysis one can select the optimal valuse of the protocol parameters for different channel environments. it has been found that to maintain the trasnmission capacity satisfactorily, the window size must be greater than or equal to 7 in a high-speed channel. The time-out value, $T_1$, must carefully be selected in a noisy channel. In a normal condition, it should be in the order of ls. The value of $T_2$ has some effect on the transmission efficiency, but is not critical.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1712-1717
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare $VO_2$max, maximal power output, and presence of $VO_2$ plateau across 4 protocol durations (5, 8, 12, and 16 min) during incremental cycling exercise to $VO_2$max. Twenty moderately to highly trained subjects ($24.9{\pm}6.6$) participated in the study. The mean $VO_2$max in the 5-min ($3.55{\pm}0.80\;l/min$) and 8-min ($3.66{\pm}0.88\;l/min$) duration protocols had higher and significantly higher mean value in the 8-min duration protocol compared to the 12-min ($3.49{\pm}0.76\;l/min$) and 16-min ($3.45{\pm}0.73\;l/min$) duration protocols. The AMPO across four protocols showed a significant difference. The AMPO for the 5-min protocol was 12%, 24%, and 35% higher than AMPO for the 8-min, 12-min and 16-min protocols. The presence of plateau was 12.5% for the 5 min protocol, 56.25% for the 8 min protocol, 37.5% for the 12 min protocol, and 56.25% for the 16 min protocol. This study indicates that the short duration protocol (<8 min) is a more valid measurement for $VO_2$ max than optimal duration protocol (8-12 min) in moderate to highly trained individuals on the cycle ergometer.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.107-135
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• 2003

This study reviews the proposed liability and redress regime under the Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity. Several core elements for the regime are discussed in comparison with those listed in the 1999 Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage resulting from the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. These are (1) scope of the rules and procedures; (2) channeling of liability; (3) legal standing; (4) definition of damage; (5) standard of care; (6) ancillary sources of compensation; (7) limitation of liability; (8) financial guarantees; and (9) mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments. Korea has given relatively little attention to the issue of liability and redress in the context of LMOs trade. As the Protocol is expected to enter into force soon, Korea needs to develop appropriate implementing domestic mechanisms for the Biosafety Protocol. Establishing an adequate domestic liability and compensation scheme will be one of the most important mechanisms not only to comply the Protocol but to ensure safety of LMOs in general. A further research is needed on the basis of a comparision of relevant legislations in different countries as well as analysis of current laws related to the accidents arising from LMOs trade, such as product liability laws, food safety laws, liability provisions in some environmental legislations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.370-376
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• 2009

Recently, Study for routing protocol is gone vigorously in the Ubiquitous Sensor Network. A hierarchical routing protocol is being practical and received interest among them. Therefore we analyze a weak point of HEED. And I suggest the new protocol that solved a weak point of HEED. The new protocol that we propose puts weight in the energy remainder amount than HEED and elect CH. And elected CH is designed to change by new node when quantity of energy leftover becomes less than 50%. Therefore all nodes come to use energy fairly. The protocol that we proposed can prove the cluster survival rate about 30%. And CH is more effective because when elect CH replace, response time selects small node.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Purpose: The study sought to determine the state of blood glucose control, and the consequent clinical effects and variation in blood glucose level, of adult patients admitted to intensive care units following cardiothoracic surgery by comparing the blood glucose levels before and after the application of a blood glucose control protocol. Methods: The protocol was developed by modifying and supplementing the Yale protocol, and was first used in 2012. The resulting blood glucose data of an experimental group (n = 314), to which the blood glucose control protocol had been applied, and a control group (n = 347), whose blood glucose levels had been controlled according to physicians'prescriptions without the protocol, were collected through the medical records. Results: The target blood glucose ratio increased significantly in the experimental group, and the low blood glucose ratio decreased significantly in the experimental group. The two groups exhibited a significant difference (p < .001) in the degree of variation in the blood glucose levels. The duration of the use of a ventilator was significantly reduced in the experimental group (p < .001). Conclusion: It is expected that the protocol can be used for the safe and effective control of critically ill cardiothoracic surgery patients' blood glucose levels.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.17-22
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• 2015

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have become an important part of data communications. Sensors provide information about the required measurements or control states over wireless networks. The energy efficient routing protocol of wireless sensor networks is the key issue for network lifetimes. The routing protocol must ensure that connectivity in a network is remained for a long period of time and the energy status of the sensor in the entire network must be in the same level in order not to leave the network with a wide difference in the energy consumptions of the sensors. In this paper we propose a new routing protocol based on AODV protocol that considers the energy efficiency when the protocol determines the routing paths, which is called AODV-EE. The proposed method prevents an imbalance of power consumption in sensors of wireless networks. From the simulation results it is shown that the proposed algorithm can be effectively used in collecting and monitoring data without concerning about the disconnection of the networks.