• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.74-77
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a system which can display panoramic-stereopic image for tele-operating excavator. the system was implemented by using center-viewpoint corresponding algorithm and image mosaic process. We could obtain remarkable result from the survey among the ex-pert of excavator. We also design a control station with RF transfer module, H.264 codec module and suggested algorithm. Especially, our system shows a superb performance on cubic effect and presence sense of a field of excavating work.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2016

A good understanding of the chemical composition and structural characteristics of a carbonaceous material is essential in conversion processes. Understanding how the composition and structural changes influence the burning behaviour of coal is important when assessing a coal's potential for utilization. To explore the potentials of a typical Nigerian coal, both conventional and advanced analytical techniques such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value, surface area analyser, SEM, FTIR, XRD and SAXS were employed. The results obtained from these characterizations agree favourable well with a typical South African coal that is of enormous contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the nation economy.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.736-742
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• 2023

NifB, a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme, is pivotal in the biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co), commonly referred to as the M-cluster. This cofactor, located within the active site of nitrogenase, is essential for the conversion of dinitrogen (N₂) to NH₃. Recognized as the most intricate metallocluster in nature, FeMo-co biosynthesis involves multiple proteins and a sequence of steps. Of particular significance, NifB directs the fusion of two [Fe₄S₄] clusters to assemble the 8Fe core, while also incorporating an interstitial carbide. Although NifB has been extensively studied, its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we explore recent structural analyses of NifB and provide a comprehensive overview of the established catalytic mechanisms. We propose prospective directions for future research, emphasizing the relevance to biochemistry, agriculture, and environmental science. The goal of this review is to lay a solid foundation for future endeavors aimed at elucidating the atomic details of FeMo-co biosynthesis.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2014

The experiment was designed to compare the char combustion kinetics of pulverized Indonesia coals commonly utilized in Korea power plants. The reaction rate of coal char has been formulated using the external and internal effectiveness factors to describe the diffusion effect quantitatively. The Random Pore Model (RPM) was used for applying internal specific surface area as a function of carbon conversion ratio. Reaction rate was obtained from reaction time using the Wire Heating Reactor (WHR) which can heat and measure the char particle temperature at the same time. BET and TGA were used to obtain physical properties such as internal specific surface area and structural parameter. Three kinds of Indonesia Sub-bituminous coals "BARAMULTI, ENERGYMAN, AGM" were used in order to derive the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. The results of this study showed that the effect of internal diffusion than that of external diffusion is the dominant as comparison of kinetics was reflected in external and internal effectiveness factors. For three kinds of coal char, finally, activation energy of intrinsic kinetics indicates 110~118 kJ/mol.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.827-833
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose an improved optical flow algorithm which reduces computational complexity as well as noise level. This algorithm reduces computational time by applying level simplification technique and removes noise by using eigenvectors of objects. Optical flow is one of the accurate algorithms used to generate depth information from two image frames using the vectors which track the motions of pixels. This technique, however, has disadvantage of taking very long computational time because of the pixel-based calculation and can cause some noise problems. The level simplifying technique is applied to reduce the computational time, and the noise is removed by applying optical flow only to the area of having eigenvector, then using the edge image to generate the depth information of background area. Three-dimensional images were created from two-dimensional images using the proposed method which generates the depth information first and then converts into three-dimensional image using the depth information and DIBR(Depth Image Based Rendering) technique. The error rate was obtained using the SSIM(Structural SIMilarity index).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.478.1-478.1
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• 2014

We investigated $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrodes for organic solar cells (OSCs) without PEDOT:PSS buffer layer. The effect of $MoO_3$ thickness on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of $MoO_3$ graded ITO anodes prepared by RF/DC magnetron co-sputtering system using $MoO_3$ and ITO targets was investigated. At optimized conditions, we obtained $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrodes with a low sheet resistance of 13 Ohm/square, a high optical transmittance of 83% and a work function of 4.92 eV, comparable to conventional ITO films. Due to the existence of $MoO_3$ on the ITO electrodes, OSCs fabricated on $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrode without buffer layer successfully operated. Although OSCs fabricated on ITO anode without buffer layer showed a low power conversion efficiency of 1.249%, OSCs fabricated on $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrode without buffer layer showed a outstanding cell performance of 2.545%. OSCs fabricated on the $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrodes exhibited a fill factor of 61.275%, a short circuit current of 7.439 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 0.554 V, and a power conversion efficiency of 2.545%. Therefore, $MoO_3$ graded ITO electrodes can be considered a promising transparent electrode for cost efficient and reliable OSCs because it could eliminate the use of acidic PEDOT:PSS buffer layer.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2015

Transparent and conductive multilayer thin films consisting of three alternating layers FZTO/Ag/$WO_3$ have been fabricated by radio-frequency (RF) sputtering for the applications as transparent conducting oxides and the structural and optical properties of the resulting films were carefully studied. The single layer fluorine doped zinc tin oxide (FZTO) and tungsten oxide ($WO_3$) films grown at room temperature are found to have an amorphous structure. Multilayer structured electrode with a few nm Ag layer embedded in FZTO/Ag/$WO_3$ (FAW) was fabricated and showed the optical transmittance of 87.60 % in the visible range (${\lambda}=380{\sim}770nm$), quite low electrical resistivity of ${\sim}10^{-5}{\Omega}cm$ and the corresponding figure of merit ($T^{10}/R_s$) is equivalent to $3.0{\times}10^{-2}{\Omega}^{-1}$. The resultant power conversion efficiency of 2.50% of the multilayer based OPV is lower than that of the reference commercial ITO. Asymmetric D/M/D multilayer is a promising transparent conducting electrode material due to its low resistivity, high transmittance, low temperature deposition and low cost components.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2010

Multi-standard, multi-band, multi-service system to ensure a flexible interface between the SDR (Software Defined Radio) technology for the implementation of the Stability and Low-Power, Low-Calcualrion DDC (Digital Down Conversion) technology is essential. DDC technology consists of a digital channel filter. This is a typical digital filter because of the limited fisheries are vulnerable to overflow and rounding errors are drawbacks. In this paper, we overcome this disadvantage, we propose the structure of the DDC. The way WDF (Wave Digital Filter) Structural rounding error due to the structural resistance to noise. Therefore, This is the useful structure when the filter coefficients's word length is short. In addition, since IIR filters based on FIR filters based on the amount of computation is reduced because fewer than filter's tap. The proposed structure is used in DDC that CIC (Cascaded Integrator Comb) filter, WDF, IFOP (Interpolated Fourth-Order Polynomials) were analyzed with respect to, the results were confirmed by computer simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.339-357
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• 2009

Probability based design(PBD) method is independent of construction materials and uses real material properties unlike allowable stress design(ASD) that depends on small clear specimen property, also give quantitative safety and endurance lifetime of a certain material. Moreover, almost advanced country accepted PBD method instead of ASD method. So it is urgent to convert the current ASD method into the PBD method. However, there are wholly lacking of domestic researches related to current issue, and to solve several points in ASD method and to take advantage of PBD method, the conversion from the ASD method into the PBD method is a worldwide trend. Other domestic construction codes, such as steel or concrete constructions, accept the PBD method as well. Accordingly, to introduce PBD method into wood structural design, general theory, and preliminary data and methods were reviewed. With keeping this in mind, some important contents were reviewed, sorted some points for wood structural design that have distinctions against the other construction materials. Furthermore, the history of PBD method, and statistical data and theories for the PBD method, and preliminary data of resistance and load that are two random variables for the PBD method, and finally the difference between limit state design(LSD) and load and resistance factor design(LRFD) that were two superpowers in the PBD method.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2014

This study is directed to examine the most useful restoration strategies for turning the customers' dissatisfaction caused by unsuccessful spa service to the satisfaction through each fair factors and tries to suggest the practical schemes to cope with complaints and dissatisfaction of spa service customers by establishing the system dealing with customers' complaints. And this verifies the relationship between the alternative attraction and the intention of conversion as the action after the restoration from the unsuccessful services. Moreover, it analyzes the mediation effect that a formation of reliance through the restoration of unsuccessful services has. To achieve the purpose of this study, the subject got decided as women who are customers of private spa facilities situated in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do region for the purpose of skin care in 1 year recently. After understanding their experiences of complaining about the services, this study investigates the alternative attraction and the intention of conversion as the next action and the perception of fairness and trust in the efforts of Spa service business for recovery. As the result of verifying hypothesis, it is shown that the recovery satisfaction increases when the 3 points of the distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice, which are the fairness factors of the effort to restore services according to the quality of service, are more positive. In the relation among recovery satisfaction, trust, the alternative attraction, and the intention of conversion, the result was that recovery satisfaction affects trust in positive way and alternative attraction in negative way. However, the positive and meaningful result came out in contrast with the hypothesis which predicted the negative effect of recovery satisfaction on the intention of conversion. Furthermore, it means that indirect effectiveness which carries trust and alternative attraction should be considered instead of the direct effectiveness that the recovery satisfaction affects on the intention of conversion. In this study, it can be interpreted that the combined increase of the trust and the alternative attraction makes the intention of conversion higher rather than the higher intention of conversion following the decrease of the recovery satisfaction in view of the result that the indirect effectiveness is high between the recovery effort and the intention of conversion. In the relation among the intention of conversion, trust, and alternative attraction, the intention of conversion got influenced in positive way and negative way by trust and alternative attraction respectively and trust influenced the alternative attraction negatively as well. It means the high quality of services or the recovery of services has a direct causation which carries conviction to the customers' intention of action.