• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2010

While increased use of motor cycles in the recent years for various demands could worsen air quality, only few studies have been conducted on estimation of emission factors and characterization of emissions from motorcycle. In this study, emissions from selected six models of motorcycle based on largest market share and production rate were investigated. To investigate gaseous and carbonaceous air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), nitrogen oxide ($NO_x$), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), total 124 motorcycles between 2003 and 2007 model year were tested with regulatory driving conditions, such as CVS-40 and CVS-47 mode. These motorcycles were further sub-categorized based on their displacement (< 50 cc, 50~150 cc, and $\geq$ 150 cc), type of stroke (2- and 4 strokes) and model year (2003~2005 and 2006~2007). Tested motorcycles with recent model year (2006~2007) exhibited less emissions of regulatory gaseous and carbonaceous air pollutants compared to old model year (2003~2005). Chemical analysis showed that CO present in highest concentration followed by THC and $NO_x$ for all tested motorcycles. Interestingly, two strokes motorcycle produced higher THC emission but less CO and $NO_x$ than those of four strokes. For all types of displacement and stroke, emission factors (gram per kilometer) of THC and CO except $NO_x$ with recent model year (2006~2007) showed decreased trend compared to old model year (2003~2005). In addition to this, due to mixed combustion between gasoline fuel and lubricant, two strokes motorcycle showed OC > EC emission trend.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1323-1331
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• 2018

The purpose of the study was to determine the general characteristics that affect strokes caused by smoking, to provide basic data and political grounds for preventing strokes. Data were used from the 6th (2015) of the National Health and Nutrition Survey. Among the study participants were 2,146 smokers and 132 strokers. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 21.0. The findings of the study were as follows: strokes increased the odds ratio 1.7 times(p<0.001) when smoking was performed, and the risk factors for strokes caused by smoking were statistically significant in age(p=0.008, p=0.10), education level(p=0.003, p=0.008), hypertension(p<0.001), and subjective health conditions(p=0.008). Therefore, it is necessary to develop health education contents using smart devices and a consistent national health policy to reduce the occurrence and risk of stroke.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was to investigated using National Institutes of Health Strokes Scale score in 36 patients with middle cerebral artery infarction and to enaluate prognosis. Method : The subjects oh this study were 36 patients who were admitted to the Wonkwang oriental medicine. Improving rate were measured by using the National Institutes of Health Strokes Scale score. Each patient was diagnosed with Brain Computerized Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and clinical observation. Results : There were significant results statistically between National Institutes of Health Strokes Scale score and middle cerebral artery territories. While sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease were not siginificant meaning statistically. Conclusions: Sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease were relevant factors in predicting the functional outcome in the patients with middle cerebral artery infarction. In this study, middle cerebral artery territory affects the functional outcome.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.763-781
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• 2011

We present a texture-based hatching technique for color images and video. Whereas existing approaches produce monochrome hatching effects in considering of triangular mesh models by applying strokes of uniform size, our scheme produces color hatching effects from photographs and video using strokes with a range of sizes. We use a Delaunay triangulation to create a mesh of triangles with sizes that reflect the structure of an input image. At each vertex of this triangulation, the flow of the image is analyzed and a hatching texture is then created with the same alignment, based on real pencil strokes. This texture is given a modified version of a color sampled from the image, and then it is used to fill all the triangles adjoining the vertex. The three hatching textures that accumulate in each triangle are averaged and the result of this process across all the triangles forms the output image. We can also add a paper texture effect and enhance feature lines in the image. Our algorithm can also be applied to video. The results are visually pleasing hatching effects similar to those seen in color pencil drawings and oil paintings.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.1002-1013
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• 1996

The segmentation of characters is an important step in the automatic recognition of handwritten text. This paper proposes the segmenting method of off-line handwritten Hangul. The suggested approach is based on the structural characteristics of Hangul. The first step extracts the local features. connected component and strokes from the imput word. In the second step we identify the class of strokes. The third segmenting step specifies WRC(White Run Column) before consonant or horizontal vowel. If the segment is longer than threshold, the system estimates segmenting columns using the consonant-vowel information and column features, and then finds a cornered boundary along the strokes within the estimated segmenting columns.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.37-42
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• 2003

The mechanical components with high-pressure hoses are generally produced by the swaging process. The hoses are composed of the rubber materials and the reinforced braids to support tensile forces. In case they are subjected to high mechanical and thermal loads under severe operating conditions, the oil in hoses can leak at the parts of small clamping forces. In this paper, the deformation characteristics of a fiber-reinforced hose are analyzed with respect to the jaw strokes using the finite element method. The manufacturing process is modeled with a contact problem in consideration of a real situation, and the material properties based on the experimental results are used in the analysis. Examinations of the relationship between the swaging strokes and the deformation behaviors of the hose were made on the basis of the stress and strain values of the hose components. The relations between clamping forces and separating forces are also proposed, in order to estimate clamping forces corresponding to separating forces for the given model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.877-885
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• 1995

Cold forging die for metal scissor is made by electric discharge machine. The impression of female die is made by electric discharge machine, the heat treatment is applied, and the impression is polished. When we forge goods by using this kind of die, the abrasion is severe and the crack occurs after forging about 240 strokes. Because the die should be frequently produced in the case, the cost rises, the work is delayed, and the precesion of goods is not good. Therefore, the electric discharge machine was not used in this study. Main die was produced by making hob, installing the hob to cold hobbing press, indenting the die material, and cold hobbing the impression. The die life was increased to 5,000-6,000 strokes in this case. In the future study, the die life will be increased to 10,000 strokes by changing the following : (1) the pre-treatment of slug, (2) the structure of die block, (3) the heat treatment of die material

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07c
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• pp.1864-1866
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• 1996

Grounding is the art of making an electrical connection to the earth. In order to protect man, electrical and/or electric equipments from the lightning strokes, all the energy of lightning strokes must be diverted via a safe path to earth. It is essential to the transient grounding resistance against lightning strokes. In this paper, measurements and analyses of grounding surge impedance have been investigated. For measurements of grounding surge impedance the pulse generator was designed and fabricated. The pulse generator has rise time of 22.4 ns and pulse duration of $8\;{\mu}s$. The transient grounding resistance has been measuring by injecting low power and step current between the earthing system under test and a remote reference earth and measuring the potential rise caused by this current. As a result, the transient grounding resistance against lightning surge in the short time domain is much higher than steady state grounding resistance.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.449-454
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• 2016

Radicals of Korean characters consist of some strokes, and complete letters are comprised of a combination of radicals. During the process of combining strokes and radicals, it requires a lot of effort as the size and the position of the components can be changed. Unlike this, METAFONT can improve the efficiency in the production process of fonts by changing its parameters. It also provides a system which can easily transform size and position of the strokes and radicals. We propose a structural Korean font generator which allows users to modify parameters of letters through METAFONT and generates a variety of fonts automatically. The suggested Korean font generator can be applied to font embedding and font editor.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.7A
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• pp.581-585
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• 2012

This paper proposes an adaptive binarization algorithm which is highly effective for a degraded document image including printed Hangul and Chinese characters. Because of the attribute of character composed of thin horizontal strokes and thick vertical strokes, the conventional algorithms can't easily extract horizontal strokes which have weaker components than vertical ones in the degraded document image. The proposed algorithm solves the conventional algorithm's problem by adding a vertical-directional reference adaptive binarization algorithm to an omni-directional reference one. The simulation results show the proposed algorithm extracts well characters from various degraded document images.