• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.473-491
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• 2018

This study identifies Japanese study content on heat stroke prevention measures using clothes, provides basic data for quantitative wearing assessment studies, presents a developmental direction for those, and helps invigorate further research. Studies were collected concerning clothing-based heat stroke measures in order to analyze the following factors: current status of heat stroke by industry and working environment, heat stroke and body cooling method, clothing microclimate and air circulation in a hot environment, hot environments and wearable sensors, and heat stress reduction and skin exposure. The current WBGT standard does not consider the diversity of wearing clothes according to the working environment. Therefore, it is preferable to add a correction value in consideration of design, materials, and ventilation to prevent heat strokes. For the heat stroke and body cooling method, wearing water-perfused clothing is effective to reduce heat stress and maintain exercise ability. Changing the material and design of clothing or wearing air-conditioned clothing can improve ventilation and the clothing microclimate. However, further evaluation is needed on the effectiveness of air-conditioned clothing as a heat stroke prevention product. The measurement method using a wearable sensor can provide real-time data on the body response due to working in a hot environment. Therefore, it is an effective alarm for heat stroke. Skin exposure area and heat dissipation efficiency should be considered to prevent heat stroke. Reducing the covering area by exposing the head, neck, and limbs, and wearing breathable material can prevent heat stroke from increased body temperature.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37C no.10
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• pp.870-887
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• 2012

This paper qualitatively analyzes the stereo 3D content factors causing viewer's discomfort. For this, we perform a subjective test that each subject strokes a specific key whenever he or she feels discomfort during watching stereo 3D contents. Also we extract the quantitative values of the factors in the 3D contents to obtain the temporal changes of the factors. Those two sets of data are used to analyze the contents to find the content factors which cause viewer's discomfort. The factors to be considered are the amount and the frequency of the disparity change, story of the contents, situation or environments of a scene, movement and position of the image or camera, color and luminance information as well as disparities themselves. Most researches have dealt with each factor causing viewer's discomfort but this paper focuses on the composite factors rather than each of them. That is, this paper deals with the various strong and weak factors and their composites causing viewer's discomfort in addition to the big disparities which have been mostly so far.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.4 s.100
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• pp.507-512
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• 2005

There is a limitation of using a small number of input buttons for writing Hangul words on hand-held devices. As a quick and convenient way of implementing Hangul vowels by small number of buttons, we propose a vowel input system in which vowels are fabricated from eight vowels. Our input system supports a fast input speed by making all the diphthong from one or two strokes. It also adopts a multiple input method for diphthong that users can make a diphthong in a user-friendly way of vowel writing formation or pronunciation similarity. Furthermore, we added an error correction functionality for the similar vowels that are caused by vowel harmony rules. When the proposed method is compared to the previous ones, our method outperformed in the input speed and error correction.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2005

Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions from gasoline engines remain a primary engineering research and development concern due to stricter emission regulations. Gasoline engines produce more UBHC emissions during cold start and warm-up than during any other stage of operation, because of insufficient fuel-air mixing, particularly in view of the additional fuel enrichment used for early starting. Impingement of fuel droplets on the cylinder wall is a major source of UBHC and a concern for oil dilution. This paper describes an experimental study that was carried out to investigate the distribution and 'footprint' of fuel droplets impinging on the cylinder wall during the intake stroke under engine starting conditions. Injectors having different targeting and atomization characteristics were used in a 4-Valve engine with optical access to the intake port and combustion chamber. The spray and targeting performance were characterized using high-speed visualization and Phase Doppler Interferometry techniques. The fuel droplets impinging on the port, cylinder wall and piston top were characterized using a color imaging technique during simulated engine start-up from room temperature. Highly absorbent filter paper was placed around the circumference of the cylinder liner and on the piston top to collect fuel droplets during the intake strokes. A small amount of colored dye, which dissolves completely in gasoline, was used as the tracer. Color density on the paper, which is correlated with the amount of fuel deposited and its distribution on the cylinder wall, was measured using image analysis. The results show that by comparing the locations of the wetted footprints and their color intensities, the influence of fuel injection and engine conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined. Fast FID measurements of UBHC were also performed on the engine for correlation to the mixture formation results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.706-713
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• 2007

Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI(SB) is used in oriental medicine for the treatment of incipient strokes. Although it has been reported that SB is neuroprotective in a hypoxia model, its mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of SB on the modulation of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), which has important biological roles in regulating mitochondrial heme protein turnover and in protecting against conditions such as hypoxia, neurodegenerative diseases, or sepsis. Rat cerebrocortical day In vitro(DIV)12 cells were grown in neurobasal medium. On DIV12 cells were treated with SB($20{\mu}g/ml$) and given a hypoxic shock ($2%\;O_2/5%\;CO_2,\;3\;hr$) on DIV14. In situ hybridization results revealed that SB upregulated HO-1 mRNA in neuronal dendrites in both normoxia and hypoxia(38.5% and 59.2%, respectively). At the protein level, SB upregulated HO-1 in the neuronal soma in both normoxia and hypoxia(22.4% and 15.7%, respectively). Interestingly, most significant increase was associated with astrocytes, which increased HO-1 protein by 77.5% compared to SB-untreated culture. These results indicate that SB upregulates both neuronal and glial HO-1 expression, which contributes to the neuroprotection efficacy in hypoxia).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.419-424
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• 2005

Objective : Short-term coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions defined as the recurrent stroke presented with different type within three weeks. Despite the high recurrence rate of stroke, little attention and insufficient clinical data had been given to short-term coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction's features. This study aims to estimate the risk factors and present the clinical features of short-term coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions. Methods : We investigated 18 patients with short-term coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions who were admitted to our hospital between January 1995 and January 2005. They were subdivided by the recurrence interval such as a group of within one week and another of between one and three weeks as hyperacute and acute respectively. Results : The mean interval between strokes was 6.64 days. Lesional analysis showed that short-term coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions in this study occurred at the other side in 12 cases [66.7%]. The abnormality on the electrocardiographic feature [23.5%] and long-term history of hypertension [20.5%] were the most common risk factors. However, short-term history of diabetes was more common in hyperacute group than in acute group [P<0.05]. The mean number of risk factors was three in acute group. It is larger than that of hyperacute group [P<0.05]. Conclusion : If the patients who experienced cerebrovascular attack have many risk factors, they tend to be the cases of acute coexisting intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions than hyperacute. Therefore, that cases are required to be vigilant to the change of patients' state up to three weeks in the treatment.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effects of using the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) contract-relax technique in the close kinetic chain position on the gait ability and gastrocnemius muscle tone of stroke patients. Methods: The subjects were patients who had strokes due to cerebrum infarction and hemorrhage. The subjects participated in exercise with the PNF contract-relax technique in the standing-on-elbow position with a high table, and the affected lower leg was placed in the posterior position. The PNF contract-relax technique was applied at the position in which the ankle plantar-flexors were in a sufficiently elongated position. After performing twice in each range, while the muscle was elongated, the affected side was moved further back and a new range was set. In each session, the time of contraction was set to 8 seconds, and the resting time was set to 5 seconds; however, if the patient felt tired, they received more resting time during the intervention. The Myoton Pro and 10 m walking test were used to measure the muscle tone and gait ability both pre- and post-intervention. Results: After participating in the program, the muscle tone decreased and the gait ability improved in the ankle plantar-flexors, as determined by the Myoton Pro and 10 m walking test. Conclusion: The PNF contract-relax technique can help to decrease muscle tone in ankle plantar-flexors with hypertonus and increase the gait ability in stroke patients.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

This study examined the characteristics of linguistic prosody in terms of cerebral lateralization in three groups of 9 healthy speakers and 14 speakers with a history of stroke (7 with left hemisphere damage (LHD), 7 with right hemisphere damage (RHD)). Specifically, prosodic characteristics related to speech rate, duration, pitch, and intensity were examined in three types of interrogative sentences (wh-questions, yes-no questions, alternative questions) with auditory perceptual evaluation. As a result, the statistically significant key variables showed flaws in production of the linguistic prosody in the speakers with LHD. The statistically significant variables were more insufficiently produced for wh-questions than for yes-no and alternative questions. This trend was particularly noticeable in variables related to pitch and speech rate. This result suggests that when Korean speakers process linguistic prosody, such as that of lexico-semantic and syntactic information in interrogative sentences, the left hemisphere seems to be superior to the right hemisphere.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2019

Background: Numerous studies have used smartphone applications to measure the range of motion in different joints. In addition, studies measuring the active range of motion (AROM) of the craniocervical joint have revealed high reliability. However, the subjects in these studies were all healthy subjects. No study has yet been conducted to measure the inter-rater reliability for the AROM of the craniocervical joint in stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the AROM of the craniocervical joint using a smartphone. Methods: The participants included 21 subjects who had strokes (17 males and 4 females). Two raters evaluated six types of craniocervical AROM, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, rotation to the hemiplegic side, and rotation to the non-hemiplegic side, using a goniometer and a smartphone to investigate inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of the smartphone was good for extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, and rotation to the hemiplegic side [ICC(2,k)=.86~.88] and excellent for flexion [ICC(2,k)=.95]. The inter-rater reliability for rotation to the non-hemiplegic side was moderate [ICC(2,k)=.72]. Conclusion: These results suggest that the smartphone offers high inter-rater reliability for measurements of the craniocervical AROM in patients with stroke.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1148-1156
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• 2018

Background and Objectives: It is controversial that decreased left ventricular function could predict poststroke outcomes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) can predict cardiovascular events and mortality in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted consecutively in patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2008 and July 2016. The clinical data and echocardiographic LVEF of 1,465 patients were reviewed after excluding AF and CHD. Poststroke disability, major adverse cardiac events (MACE; nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality during 1 year after index stroke were prospectively captured. Cox proportional hazards regressions analysis were applied adjusting traditional risk factors and potential determinants. Results: The mean follow-up time was $259.9{\pm}148.8days$ with a total of 29 non-fatal strokes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 33 cardiovascular deaths, and 53 all-cause mortality. The cumulative incidence of MACE and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the lowest LVEF (<55) group compared with the others (p=0.022 and 0.009). In prediction models, LVEF (per 10%) had hazards ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.80, p=0.002) for MACE and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39-0.97, p=0.037) for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: LVEF could be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality after AIS in the absence of AF and CHD.