• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.388-390
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• 2020

Objectives: The nigrostriatal tract (NST) connect from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum. A few previous studies have reported on the NST in the Parkinson's disease using a proboblistic tractography method. However, no study has been conducted for identification of the NST using streamline DTT technique. In the current study, we used streamline DTI technique to investigate the reconstruction method and characteristics of the NST in normal subjects. Methods: Eleven healthy subjects were recruited in this study. The NST from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the striatum of basal ganglia was reconstructed using DTI data. Fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and fiber numbers of the NST were measured. Results: In all subjects, the NST between the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the striatum. Mean values for FA, ADC, and tract volume were 0.460, 0.818, and 154.3 in the right NST, and 0.485, 0.818, and 176.3 in the left NST respectively. Conclusions: we reconstructed the NRT from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the striatum of the basal ganglia using streamline tractography method. We believe that the findings and the proposed streamline reconstruction method of this study would be useful in future researches on the NST of the human brain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2001

It has been demonstrated that multipotent neuronal progenitor cells can be isolated from the developing or adult CNS and proliferated in vitro in response to epidermal growth factor. The present study was undertaken to investigate the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells after transplantation into the neonatal rat forebrain striatum. Primary cultured progenitor cells were labeled with 3,3'-dioctadecycloxacarbonyl- amine perchlorate (DiO). DiO labeled progenitor cells were implanted into neonatal rat striatum. Implanted DiO labeled progenitor cells were differentiated into astrocytes and GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that implanted progenitor cells can be differentiated into neurons in host forebrain striatum. In addition, our data show that DiO labeling is a useful technique for tracing implanted progenitor cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.24.2-24.2
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• 2007

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• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.210-210
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• 1996

Changs in the glutamatergic nervous system following AF64A injection into lateral ventricle were studied in rats. Rats were treated with the infusion of AF64A (3mM) into lateral ventricle At a week after the infusion of AF64A into lateral ventricle, rats were sacrified and each brain resions was dissected ; striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. At these resions, total glutamate and other amino acids levels. [$^3$H]Mk801 binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were measured using HPLC-ECD, ligand binding assay and enzyme activity assay, respectively. The levels of total glutamate were decreased in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex Also, the levels of total glycine and taurine were decreased in all examined regions. Furthermore, the levels of total aspartate and GABA were decreased in both hippocampus and frontal cortex but these didn't alter in striatum. Additionally, the levels of total glutamine were decreased in both striatum and frontal cortex. The u\numbers of [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites were differently dffected in each brain resions ; the decrease in striatum, the increase in frontal cortex and no change in hippocampus Glutamine synthetase activity in striatum was significantly decreased. But, that in both hippocampus and frontal cortex didn't alter These results suggest that changes in the glutamatergic nervous system in three regions are induced by following AF64A injection into lateral ventricle in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2015

Purpose At recently, we enter into the aging society and a age-related disease is increasing. Among that, prevalence of degenerative brain disease like Parkin's disease will be increased. So, many radiopharmaceuticals is developed to diagnosis early and to evaluate the performance of therapeutic drugs. Especially $^{18}F-DOPA$ which involved at dopamine synthesis and function of storage is widely used to the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease as well as brain tumors. in the study, we will evaluate the distribution pattern of $^{18}F-DOPA$ at the striatum by using dynamic study. Materials and Methods We used Biograph Truepoint(Siemens, Germany) as PET/CT scanner, injected a $^{18}F-DOPA$ ($600{\pm}30MBq$) to patient (4men, 6women. $67{\pm}11age$) who visited our hospital from June to September, started 95min dynamic study at same time. after finishing acquisition, we reconstructed PET data with 19 frame every 5 minutes, analysed a average counts at ROI's where set at both striatums, anterior putamen, posterior putamen Results Counts in the cerebellum as the background formed a plateau after 90 minutes from the highest out rapidly reduced to 15 minutes. Counts of anterior putamen and posterior gradually increased but formed a plateau after 60min. A count ratio of Striatum to cerebellum was continuously increased up to more than 95 minutes, A count ratios of an anterior putamen to posterior one formed a plateau after 85 minutes. Conclusion The dynamic acquisition can be possible to evaluate a distribution of the $^{18}F-DOPA$ in the striatum and the VOI analysis through a dynamic acquisition and a variety of patterns. Futhermore, to make a uniformed distribution and count ratio of striatum to cerebellum, a static acquisition will have to start 90minutes later after injection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

Sprague-Dawley rats were given freely with 15% ethanol (control) and 15% ethanol containing (1) 0.1% ginseng saponin, (2) 0.02% ginsenoside $Rb_1$, and (3) $Rg_1$ (tests) instead of water for 7 days and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in different regions of brain were examined. In control group, total ALDH activity with indoleacetaldehyde and acetaldehyde as substrate in all different regions was lower than that of normal group except in the hippocampus. The inhibitory effect on the activity was prominent in the corpus striatum and was not in the hippocampus. However, low-$K_m$ ALDH activity in all different regions was much lower than that of normal group. A considerable decrease in mitochondria ALDH activity in cerebellum and striatum was also observed in control group. In test groups total, low-$K_m$, and mitochondria AkDH activities in all different regions were higher than those in control group. Although ALDH activity in the striatum of test group was higher than control group, it was relatively depressed as compared with normal. There was not found a remarkable difference in extent of stimulating effect on the AkDH activity according to the ginseng saponin components. When biogenic aldehydes were used as substrate, ALDH activity with 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in all brain regions of control group was lower than that using 5-hydroxy-indoleacetaldehyde (HIAL) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (NORAL) as substrate. In control group, ALDH activity with biogenic aldehydes above mentioned was markedly inhibited in the striatum contrary to other regions. The higher ALDH activity with biogenic aldehydes in test group than in control was found in the striatum, cerebrum, and cerebellum. MAO activity in the cerebellum was inhibited in control group and slightly increased in test group. The results of present study suggest that the corpus striatum is significantly affected by ethanol exposure while the hippocampus is not and that ginseng saponin fraction and ginsenosid es might have a preventive effect against depression of brain ALDH activity by chronic administration of ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1996

The present study was performed to investigate the distribution of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivities in the corpus striatum of the Korean squirrels. The animals were perfused with 4%-paraformaldehyde and the brain was cut serially into $40{\mu}m$ thick coronal sections. Sections either were stained with cresyl violet or were stained immunohistochemically. The corpus striatum was divided into the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. Anterior part. however, of the striatum was observed as the combined caudate-putamen. NPY immunoreactive (NPY-IR) neurons were medium-sized. The corpus striatum contained a low level of NPY-IR fibers, whose distribution appeared to be related to the immunoreactive perikarya. Large numbers of NPY-IR neurons in the caudate-putamen and caudate nucleus were expressed in medial and ventral parts. In the anterior part of the putamen NPY-IR neurons were scattered throughout the nucleus; in posterior part were found generally in the lateral and ventral parts. The density of NPY-IR fibers of the putamen were low, whose distribution appeared to be related to the perikarya. The globus pallidus contained NPY-IR fibers only in the lowest density. In brief, NPY-immunoreactivities in the corpus striatum are heterogenous in distribution. These findings may reflect innate characteristics of the specific neural circuit in the corpus striatum itself.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.311-322
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• 1990

This study primarily attempted to investigate the effects of methamphetamine on stereotyped behavior. Furthermore, an extensive experiment was conducted to examine the cortex methamphetamine concentration and levels of dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in striatum, septum and hypothalamus. Following treatment with 10 mg/kg methamphetamine, stereotyped behavior was observed in 10 minutes. Consequently female rats displayed more intense and longer lasting activity than the male. The concentration of cortex methamphetamine was even higher in female than male. The administration of methamphetamine increased the rate of dopamine turnover-i.e. lower dopamine, higher homovanillic acid in the striatum, septum. The highest rate was found in the striatum. Methamphetamine decreased the levels of serotonin, and its metabolite of 5-indoleacetic acid in the striatum, septum. An intensity in behavioral response was accompanied by an increase in dopamine turnover, a decrease in serotonergic transmission. The reduction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid-i.e. the metabolite of dopamine was due not to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase but to the induction of monoamine oxidase but to the induction of catechol-O-methyltransferase. The phenomenon of biogenic amines by methamphetamine concurred upon the concentration of methamphetamine in the brain. This process preceded stereotyped behavior. After single injection of 10 mg/kg methamphetamine, the levels of biogenic amines recovered within 6 hours.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

Changes in dopaminergic activities were investigated after the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ethylcholine aziridium (AF64A) in rats. The levels of dopamine (DA) and metabolites, the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and the specific binding sites of dopamine receptros in striata, hippocampus, and frontal cortex were assessed 6 days after the AF64A treatment with 3 nmol/each ventrcle. In frontal cortex, the levels of DA and metabolities were significantly decreased without changes in metabolites/DA ratios in the AF64A-treated groups. In contrast, the ratios of metabolites/DA were significantly decreased in striatum and hippocampus in the AF64A treatment. The activity of TH in frontal cortex was significantly decreased. However, that in other areas was not changed. Also the activity of MAO-A was not changed in the studied brain regions. However, the activity of MAO-B in striatum was significantly increased with no change in other areas. The specific binding sites of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were increased in AF64A-treated frontal cortex. However, those were not changed in striatum and hippocampus except the small decreased specific binding sites of dopamine D-1 receptors in striatum after AF64A treatment. These results indicate that the dopaminergic activity was altered in AF64A treatment. Furthermore, it suggest that the decreased dopaminergic activities in each brain regions might be differently affected by AF64A treatment.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.461-469
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• 2023

The tail of the striatum (TS) is located at the caudal end in the striatum. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the anatomy and function of the TS but also raised questions about the differences between rodent and primate TS. In this review, we compare the anatomy and function of the TS in rodent and primate brains. The primate TS is expanded more caudally during brain development in comparison with the rodent TS. Additionally, five sensory inputs from the cortex and thalamus converge in the rodent TS, but this convergence is not observed in the primate TS. The primate TS, including the caudate tail and putamen tail, primarily receives inputs from the visual areas, implying a specialized function in processing visual inputs for action generation. This anatomical difference leads to further discussion of cellular circuit models to comprehend how the primate brain processes a wider range of complex visual stimuli to produce habitual behavior as compared with the rodent brain. Examining these differences and considering possible neural models may provide better understanding of the anatomy and function of the primate TS.