• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 1992

The plane strain analysis for simulating the stretch/draw forming operation with an arbitrarily-shaped tool profile is introduced. An implicit, incremental, updated Lagrangian formulation with a rigid-viscoplastic constitutive equation is employed. Contact and friction are considered through the mesh-normal, which compatibly describes arbitrary tool surfaces and FEM meshes without depending on the explicit spatial derivatives of tool surfaces. The linear line elements are used for depicting the formed sheet, based on membrane approximation. The FEM formulation is tested in the sections of automotive inner panel and two-side draw-in. Not only the excellent agreement between measured and computed strains is obtained in the stretched section, but also the numerical stability of formulation is verified in the draw-in section.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.236-241
• /
• 2010

The frictional behavior of bare steel sheet highly depends on surface roughness. It was investigated that the change of surface roughness of bare steel sheet due to deformation for each forming mode. The flat type friction test was done to check the effect of surface roughness change on frictional characteristics of bare steel sheet. As increasing the deformation, the Ra value was increased at stretching forming mode and drawing forming mode, however the change of Pc showed different trends. The Pc was decreased as increasing stretch deformation but increased at compression deformation. At drawing forming mode, the friction coefficient was increased as deformation was increased after initial big drop with drawing oil. As deformation was increased, the friction coefficient was decreased with drawing oil at stretching forming mode. The results show that the deformation changes the surface roughness and frictional characteristics of steel sheet but the effect depends on the forming mode.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.13 no.6 s.70
• /
• pp.528-534
• /
• 2004

In order to find the effect of lubricant viscosity, tool geometry, forming speed, and sheet material properties on the friction in the sheet metal forming, friction tests were performed. Friction test results show that as the lubricant viscosity becomes lower, the friction coefficient is higher. When surface roughness is extremely low or high, the friction coefficient is high. The bigger die corner radii and punch speed are, the smaller is the friction coefficient. From the experimental observation, the friction model which is the mathematical expression of friction coefficient in terms of lubricant viscosity, roughness and hardness of sheet surface, punch corner radius, and punch speed is constructed. By comparing the punch load found by FEM using the proposed friction model with that obtained from the experiment in 2-D stretch forming, the validity and accuracy of the friction model are demonstrated.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.291-298
• /
• 2013

A science museum responds independently based on the exhibits and exhibition environments as the visitors are different in purposes, interests and demands. Therefore a science museum should be designed keeping it in mind that there are various ways for visitors to perceive and use the exhibition spaces and exhibits. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the characteristics of sensory receptors for the exhibits in National Museum of Nature and Science's Global Gallery, Tokyo, in terms of information transmission and to identify the nature of exhibit medium that can affect the perception and recognition of the exhibits by visitors. Through these 9 sensory receptors, human recognizes first with visual, auditory and olfactory senses and reacts using vestibular organ, proprioceptor (stretch), tangoreceptor, themoreceptor, taste and olfactory senses. Human uses these information processing to recolonize the external environment. This process is similar to the visitor's information transmission process for the exhibition medium. By dividing the analysis results per exhibition theme and developing the information transmission processing types per sensory receptor, we could understand that the distribution conditions are closely connected with the composition of the exhibition scenario in the exhibtion area. Especially, the understanding of how the information transmission is made through sensory receptors could can be the criteria that determines on the factors that can identify the exhibition purposes of a science museum which are eduction and understanding.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.1119-1124
• /
• 2008

This study presents the preform injection molding and the blow molding of the injection stretch-blow molding process for PET bottles. The numerical analysis of the injection molding and the blow molding of a preform is considered in this paper using CAE with a view to minimize the warpage and the thickness. In order to determine the design parameters and processing conditions in injection/blow molding, it is very important to establish the numerical model with physical phenomenon. In this study, a three dimensional model has been introduced for the purpose and flow simulations of filling, post-filling and cooling process are carried out. The simulations resulted in the warpage in good agreement with the measurements. Also, from the result of numerical analysis, we appropriately predicted the warpage, deformation and thickness distribution along the product walls.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.14 no.3 s.75
• /
• pp.233-238
• /
• 2005

Blow molding is divided into three categories, injection stretch blow molding, injection blow molding, and extrusion or direct blow molding. Extrusion blow molding has been studied experimentally to characterize the blowing behavior of parison. Blow conditions such as blowing temperature and cooling time were the experimental variables in this blowing experiment. Wall thickness of the lower part of blow molded sample was thicker than that of the upper part because of the sagging of parison during extrusion process. As temperature increases the wall thickness and the weight of blow molded sample decreased. No thickness variations in the blowing sample were observed according to the cooling time. The lower part of the sample showed high degree of crystallinity compare with the upper part of the sample. Thus the lower part of the sample was strong mechanically and structurally. It was recognized that the uniform wall thickness could not be obtained by only controlling the operational conditions. Parison variator should be introduced to get uniform wall thickness of parison and subsequently produce uniform wall thickness of blow molded product.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.342-346
• /
• 2009

Forming characteristics for the bundle extrusion of Cu-Ti bimetal wires are investigated, which can identify the process conditions for weak mechanical bonding at the contact surface during the direct extrusion of a Cu-Ti bimetal wire bundle. Bonding mechanism between Cu and Ti is assumed as a cold pressure welding. Then, the plastic deformation at the contact zone causes mechanical bonding and a new bonding criterion for pressure welding is developed as a function of the principal stretch ratio and normal pressure at the contact surface by analyzing micro local extrusion at the contact zone. The averaged deformation behavior of Cu-Ti bimetal wire is adopted as a constitutive behavior at a material point in the finite element analysis of Cu-Ti wire bundle extrusion. Various process conditions for bundle extrusions are examined. The deformation histories at the three points, near the surface, in the middle and near the center, in the cross section of a bundle are traced and the proposed new bonding criterion is applied to predict whether the mechanical bonding at the Cu-Ti contact surface happens. Finally, a process map for the direct extrusion of Cu-Ti bimetal wire bundle is proposed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2010

This study presents the preform injection molding and the blow molding of the injection stretch-blow molding process for PET bottles. The numerical analysis of the injection molding and the blow molding of a preform is considered in this paper using CAE with a view to minimize the warpage and the thickness. In order to determine the design parameters and processing conditions in injection/blow molding, it is very important to establish the numerical model with physical phenomenon. In this study, a three dimensional model has been introduced for the purpose and flow simulations of filling, post-filling and cooling process are carried out. The simulations resulted in the warpage in good agreement with the measurements. Also, from the result of numerical analysis, we appropriately predicted the warpage, deformation and thickness distribution along the product walls.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.161-168
• /
• 2016

Sheet metals are often required to be formed into three dimensional curved shapes for use as skin structures. As a result various sheet metal forming methods, such as press die forming, stretch forming, and line heating have been used over the years in industrial production lines. Although they are extensively used in industry, these methods are not suitable for small quantity batch productions. Studies have been conducted to improve or replace these methods with plausible flexible forming technologies. As a part of these studies, we developed a new and more efficient forming device named flexibly-reconfigurable roll forming (FRRF). The current study presents the process development and experimental verification for the applicability of this device. To improve the efficiency of the FRRF apparatus, several hardware components were invented and a suitable operating program was developed using MFC of visual C++. The ways to make the FRRF apparatus fully functional are also described. Sheet metal was formed into three dimensional shapes using the FRRF apparatus and the final products are presented as evidence for the applicability of the developed device.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1982

This experiment was made on the basis of the general observation that silk fabrics is flaccid in sun light. The purpose of this test is to examine efficiency between the processed thread and the unprocessed one after putting the later under the xenon-lit system, which produces continuous spectrum of bright white beam similar to sun light. (i) Color division of silk thread : white, yellow blue (ii) light division and irradiation time : sun lightlongrightarrow210 hrs, Xenonlongrightarrow50,100, 150 hrs. Under the above conditions each object was be tested with and extensometer, TENSILON Type III for the results of (a) the weight-expansibility curve of the silk thread (b) the relationship between cutting in tensity and maximum, weight (c) maximum expansion rate (d) the expansion energy of the tested silk thread (e) the beginning pull-stretch resistance rate of the tested silk thread (f) color difference after processing The results are illustrated in the appropriate tables and figures. Consequently the generalobservation that silk fabrics is flaccid is relevant only in terms of color. So for as Cutting-intensaty is concerned, it turned out to be less flaccid than in color. On the contrary when the untested silk thread was conpared with the xenon-irradiated ones, the latter proved itself to be more flaccid in cutting expansibility than the former. We have learned through this experiment that, after the all rounds of this test, the color tone and chroma of the colored materials remained without significant change, where as their color value changed to a large extent.